How did Poland avoid partition in the 17th century, but not the 18th century?
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Sorry for just a quick note - I'm on the finish of a big project. I hope that other answers will put more light on the details. If not, I'll go back to this later.
I would connect it with the fact, that for Swedes, the control over Poland wasn't the key aim. They were more focused on the control of all the Baltic Sea shore, which would have enormous importance for the economy of northern part of Europe. And in that time, after Thirty-years War they've almost achieved it.
This way the longtime cooperation with Russia that would let both countries to permanently takeover Poland was out of question, as they were natural enemies in the endless wars for the lands that recently belong to Latvia and Estonia - it's hard to believe that Russia would ever agree to get cut off of Baltic Sea.
Even today we can still see how strongly the Deluge weakened Poland. One of the reasons for that is because Swedes invaded the country to simply loot it, as after the Thirty-years War the country had very big army but not enough gold to pay for it. So they simply took it from Poland.
But even if in the late XVII century Poland was weaker than at the beginning of it, it was still stronger than a century later, and especially the difference between Poland and its neighbors wasn't as big. The army potential was far greater, while it drastically changed in XVIII century - nobody wanted to pay for it, and the king couldn't raise any taxes because of the law issues, among others those connected with the mentioned Liberum Veto rule.
Of course in XVII century it was also problematic (see how much it took for Poland to gather the army before the Battle of Vienna), but not as much.
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