Where did the name Jesus come from?
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There are multiple titles given for the Messiah in Isaiah, not just Immanuel ('God with us'). The most notable other prophetic name is 'Pele-joez-el-gibbor-abi-ad-sar-shalom' (translated something like 'Almighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace'), found in Isaiah 9:6. Moreover, the Hebrew word שְׁמ֖וֹ ('shemo'), as found in the Westminster Leningrad Codex, is translated often as 'name', but also carries with it connotations of renown, or alternatively used to refer to titles, divine or otherwise (according to Strong's). So it is perfectly reasonable that Immanuel is a title used for the Messiah, as much as (if not more so than) it could be a name.
As for the transliteration/translation point - the figure we call Jesus gets his English name from the Greek Ἰησοῦς (Iesous) via Latin Iesus. Ἰησοῦς is the Greek form of ישוע (Yeshua, 'God is deliverance'), a variant form of יְהוֹשֻׁעַ ('Yehoshua', meaning the same), which we often transliterate as 'Joshua'. Jesus of Nazareth and Joshua, the assistant of Moses (who was born הוֹשֵׁעַ, 'Hoshe'a', meaning 'salvation') had variations of the same name (like people called Bill and William).
Indeed in Greek translations of the Old Testament, Joshua son of Nun is called 'Ἰησοῦς τοῦ Ναυή" ('Iesous tou Naue', 'Jesus son of Naue (Nun's name in Greek)'); all other Joshuas in the Septuagint are also Jesuses, with other descriptors added. We can be fairly sure that Jesus was the name given by Mary (who, incidentally in Aramaic is actually Mariam (מרים)) and Joseph to the baby (itself an apt name), and the titles given in Isaiah and other prophetic literature indeed honorifics, much like the names 'Messiah' and (in particular) 'Christ' (both meaning 'anointed' in Hebrew and Greek respectively) are used similarly.
I'm not any sort of exegete, but just someone who likes languages and finds the good book interesting. Hope this helps!
As a coda: reference to the name 'Jesus' in Matthew 1:21 (KJV):
And she shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call his name Jesus: for he shall save his people from their sins.
And in the 1550 Stephanus New Testament in Koine Greek:
τεξεται δε υιον και καλεσεις το ονομα αυτου ιησουν αυτος γαρ σωσει τον λαον αυτου απο των αμαρτιων αυτων
There's a form of Ἰησοῦς again.
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