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You ought to be able to apply for a type-D national visa for the country where you'll be doing your research, with the justification being that without the visa you would exceed the 90/180 allowance. There's nothing in the Schengen codes that prevents you from holding that visa simultaneously with your residence permit, but national law or policy in Finland or the research country might have something to say on the matter.
The national visa would exclude from the 90/180 calculation any time that you spend in the country issuing the visa during the visa's validity, just as time you spend in Finland is excluded by your Finnish residence permit.
A possible problem is that when you apply for the visa they will refuse to grant it because you won't be in that country for longer than 90 days. On the other hand, if your research in the other country requires employment authorization, you might need to get a visa for that country regardless of the 90/180 rule.
In practice, the 90/180 rule isn't systematically enforced for residence permit holders, since internal border crossings are not recorded.