Upvote:9
First, until there has been a court judgment against you, the collection of the debt is a private matter between you and lender and the State cannot enforce it. Not every debt is paid in full in the USA - some debts are forgiven or written off, and some are invalidated by courts.
And indeed immigration officials do not have access to your private debt information. And even if they had, it is not part of CBP duties to enforce private debt collection.