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Here's a great map from the book German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth-Century Texas by Terry Jordan:
Page 33, visible on Google books, discusses this map in much greater detail.
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This is more of a comment but there are some museums in Germany which are about emigration to the states. See for example this website with contact data for research (They state that they have passenger lists etc.)
http://www.ballinstadt.net/BallinStadt_emigration_museum_Hamburg/Welcome.html
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Look up Adelsverin. It was a German settlement enterprise founded by German noblemen. The nobles seemed to come mostly from the Rhineland.
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I wasn't able to find an actual location-of-origin census, which would be definitive. What I did find was two major drivers for German immigration to Texas.
The first was Adelsverin, which was an organized attempt to form a "New Germany" in the Republic of Texas, starting in 1842. The founders of the society seem to be from all over Germany. The most famous product of this is probably Fleet Admiral Nimitz, whose grandfather came over from Bremen in north Germany.
The second was the 48'ers. These were Europeans (largely but not universally German) who were supporters of the liberal revolutions of 1848 which failed. German speaking liberals from all over Europe ended up exiled. The interesting thing about the 48'ers isn't which part of Germany they were from, but the politics they brought with them. German immigrants tended to be Liberal (in the original pro-voting, anti-authoritarian sense), pro-Immigration and staunchly anti-slavery.