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The Nabateans had an empire from the 4th century BC. They were an Arab nomadic tribe that settled in what is now Jordan. They expanded Northward through Syria. According to the maps I looked at they never made it further north and east then Damascus. In CE 363 there was an earthquake that cut off the Nabatean capital's, Petra, water supply. By 4th century the Nabateans were in decline.
I could not find a direct link between Nabatieh and the Nabateans.
The name may very well come from a post kingdom Nabatean settlement. Place names are sometimes made to describe the cultural group that resides or at one time resides in a place. For instance Little China or Little Italy in San Fransisco.
map - http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200704/popup.htm?img=images/new.pieces/ARM6-02-Nabataean_lg.jpg