When did European building interiors partitioned into rooms become commonplace?

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Accepted answer

When the chimney became popular, 12C for castles and high status buildings, 15-16century for regular houses.

Without a chimney you have a central hearth and the smoke rises to vents in the eaves, so everybody who wants to be warm has to be in the large single room. Once chmineys are invented you need somewhere to build them. If you have a castle you can put them in the thick stone walls, if you have a house then you need to build a chimney from scratch out of stone. The obvious place to build it is where you have always had the fire, especially since the walls of the house are made of flammable wattle and daub, ie in the middle of the room.

Now you have a massive stone structure in the centre with a fireplace in both sides it makes sense to continue the walls to divide up the space and use the stonework as the support for upper floors.

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