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Prisoners were put to work at prisons such as the Bagne in Toulon. Nearly all jobs required "training," and some jobs required teaching prisoners to read and write.
Prison guards found that "working" prisoners were more docile, and they also helped earn their keep.
The period from 1820-1840 was a time of prison reform(shorter sentences, less use of the death penalty, etc. and one of the reforms was education of prisoners so they could earn their livings after being released.