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It was just known as the Victorian Age, according to the highlighted source on the Victorian Era.
"Queen Victoria (1819-1901) was the first English monarch to see her name given to the period of her reign whilst still living."
The associations with "rapid change and developments in nearly every sphere" follow.
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As far as imperial strength was concerned, people used the term 'splendid isolation' in Britain. In France, the economic and technological advancement there was called 'la belle epoque'.
I can't think of a term which specifically means a belief in never ending progress, sorry.