Does duḥkha apply to animals too?

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Yes. Hell, Preta (hungry ghost), and Animal (non-human) often referred to as Dukkhathi Bhumi (realms of pain and suffering) by Buddha.

Simplicity 21

Upvote:1

Yes.

Haven't you seen animals suffering from pain, hunger, fear, anger, anxiety, jealousy and other negative states of mind, which are based on the three poisons of greed/ lust, aversion and delusion?

All sentient beings with five aggregates (form, feeling, perception, mental formations and consciousness), who are unenlightened, are subject to suffering.

All suffering is caused by craving, which is rooted in ignorance.

Plants are not sentient, as they do not have mental formations and consciousness, and so do not experience suffering (dukkha).

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