Are there equivalents of the Domesday Book for other (French or German) duchies?

This question is vague in many ways, and there are good mentions in the above replies. However, I also felt I could improve my previous answer by some other mentions -- and to specifically note that while rare, censuses were a thing because people wanted to estimate their tax intake.

It is also impossible to estimate what has not survived down the ages.

Denmark

Another concrete option that's not been mentioned thus far includes the Danish Census Book (Kong Valdemars Jordebog) commissioned by King Valdemar II in the 13th century. The full book is a summation of earlier documents, with the majority written in the 1230's to 1250's, but some parts dating to 1200.

For many areas in Northern Europe, including the then-Danish Duchy of Estonia this book carries the first written mention of villages, manors, and such. The lists for the Duchy of Estonia were compiled in 1230 and revised in 1241.

This is obviously an invaluable document for us for these areas.

England

Beyond the Domesday Book, we have:

• The Bouldon Book in which the lands of the Bishop of Durham are described (1183);
• The Taxatio Ecclesiastica in which the Pope summarized the taxation potential of English, Welsh, and Irish churches (1292);
• The Nomina Villarum in which Edward II had a list of his lords and cities compiled (1316);

France

• The WP entry for "Census" mentioned in @DenisdeBernardy's answer notes the L'État des paroisses et des feux from 1328. This was a survey of the royal domain only, but intended again to reflect the specific basis for taxation that the king could rely on:

Ce document donne les résultats d’un recens*m*nt des feux, c’est-à-dire des foyers contribuables en 1328. C’est un document de synthèse. Il totalise les paroisses et les feux recensés par les administrateurs et juges du domaine royal que sont les baillis et les sénéchaux. Le recens*m*nt dont ce document donne le résultat final n’a pas pris en compte tout le royaume de France mais uniquement le domaine royal. Nous avons donc un compte récapitulatif qui est un document de synthèse. C’est un document de nature fiscale.

Modified (by my own meagre skills) Google translation:

This document gives the results of a census of feus, that is to say, taxable households in 1328. It is a combined manuscript. It totals the parishes and feus identified by the administrators and judges of the royal domain who were the bailiffs and the seneschals. The census for which this document gives the final result did not take into account the entire kingdom of France but only the royal domain. We have a summary account what is a combined manuscript [... a synthesized summary... of other manuscripts]. It is a tax-related document.

Italia

• Liber Focorum Regni Neapoli which was produced on the orders of Alfonso V of Aragon to cover his Kingdom of Naples (1440s) / mentioned here but no WP link;
• The Quaternus Declaracionum which contains fiscal data for Taranto (1460) / mentioned here but no WP link;

Papacy

The Liber Censuum spans 492 to 1192, and covers a part of the Papacy's expected tax basis.

Scotland

At least the Hospitallers performed surveys of their (and previous Templar lands here), as cited from Baigent's 'The Temple and the Lodge':

In 1338, nine years after Bruce's death, the Grand Master of the Hospitallers requested a list of all Temple properties acquired by his Order everywhere in the world. Every regional or national Prior was instructed to submit an inventory of Templar holdings in his particular sphere of authority. During the last century, a document, quoting the response of the English Prior, was found in the library of the Order of St John at Valetta. After itemising a substantial number of Templar possessions acquired by the Hospitallers in England, the manuscript says:

Of the land, buildings ... churches and all other possessions which were Templar in Scotland the reply was nothing of any value ... all were destroyed, burnt and reduced to nothing because of the enduring wars which had continued over many years.

Further Reading

I would recommend 'Antecedents of Censuses from Medieval to Nation States' which has chapters on Medieval England and Renaissance Italy. The Google Books' showcase for me ended before either of those chapters (but may vary regionally).