Does Hitler's "Mein Kampf" contain hints that he wanted to exterminate Jews on the scale that actually happened?

This resonates with this: German Jew Victor Klemperer had the following assessment: "It will always remain to me the greatest mystery of the Third Reich how this book could and had to be distributed in full public, and how it could nevertheless come to Hitler's reign and to twelve years of this reign, although the Bible of National Socialism was already circulating years before the assumption of power".

Imagine I live in 1933–1934 and read Hitler's "Mein Kampf". Is there anything in this book that would make me think the Nazis seriously intend to kill between 6 and 17 million Jews?

Of course!
There is a certain counterfactual aspect in how this is phrased. When you would read the book 'living' "in 1933 you will see "hints" everywhere. And that applies of course to you trying to analyse that book today as well. A text changes with its readers, if you stare into a book the book stares back into you. This is reader-text-interaction, and you cannot shed it, only try to control for it.

It is certainly possible to scrutinise this text of Mein Kampf for hints like that. But such an analysis suffers from hindsight and would result in painting an anachronistic picture of contemporary readers and their interaction with the text.

Therefore this answer will not quote extensively from the original book. Instead we try to look at the book's history: who read it, how many read it, what did they write about it? What was talked around about the book. Many people believe to know what's in the bible, koran, or shakepeare, but when asked about specifics…

However, just one example, to illustrate the issue. When talking about ideologies in the chapter "The World War" under the heading of "The use of brute force" we read:

Die Anwendung von Gewalt allein, ohne die Triebkraft einer geistigen Grundvorstellung als Voraussetzung, kann niemals zur Vernichtung einer Idee und deren Verbreitung führen, außer in Form einer restlosen Ausrottung aber auch des letzten Trägers und der Zerstörung der letzten Überlieferung.

__The use of force alone, without the driving force of a basic spiritual (intellectual) concept as a prerequisite, can never lead to the destruction of an idea and its dissemination, except in the form of complete extermination of all and even the very last bearer and the destruction of the last tradition.

That short passage rings a lot of bells in today's readers. It's a perfect quote for a news-bite size proof that it was all there in plain sight. Yet it was really a theoretical diatribe in which the author explains how in his analysis "things work". This specific passage can furthermore be read as concluding: "and that 'what if' does not work".

Later research concludes in hindsight:

None of the reflections offered here is meant to discount the fact that Hitler’s Mein Kampf stands as an ideological pamphlet of the most extreme kind. Not only does the chapter “Nation and Race” contain the entire arsenal of rabble-rousing against Jews, it also lays out the program for their elimination. Because Hitler ties his hatred for Jews closely to the battlefront against Marxism and situates these core fields of his program in a panorama of world-historical dimensions, one is left with the impression that he is presenting a closed structure of thought with full conviction. However, this is not the sole message of the book—nor, for readers of a cooler constitution, was it necessarily the most important. In addition to the propagandistic asseverations, a second signal is being broadcasted—one that would have appealed to the “innermost stratum of the totalitarian hierarchy” that, in Arendt’s words, is distinguished by “freedom from the content of its own ideology.”

The young jurists, social engineers, and large-scale planners who came to operate the levers of power in the National Socialist system did not number among the enthusiastic readers of Mein Kampf, just as they had no time for the ham-fisted anti-Semitism of run-of-the-mill Nazis. All the same, the framework of the program that Hitler designed afforded them latitude for radical visions of their own—with the consequence that the National Socialist system facilitated rapid professional advancement. For this group, National Socialism was a tool, not a religion.
Mein Kampf presents such a perspective insofar as it offers its readership a broad array of potential gratifications. To a nation traumatized by war and defeat, it promises to restore lost honor and the means to achieve new greatness; it gives wayward individuals a sense of direction; it turns ambivalence into clear-cut meaning to be worked out with unbridled hatred. All of this amounts to satisfying the wish for a coherent, “fictitious world”—as reflected by Hitler’s vision of a state order founded on racial biology. All the while (on a harmonic register, as it were), Mein Kampf communicates another desire (and pleasure) too, one that savors the power of empty words that make an impact—the fascination of power deriving strictly from its own ascent, which fashions itself out of nothing. This proximity to the void has been interpreted as nihilism and attributed to philosophical influences. Ultimately, however, it derives from a way of using language rather than from a system of ideas— a use of language that does not articulate and lend form to anything preexisting but takes joy, simply in the pure power of its manifestation, by commanding being and nothingness, life and death.
_{Albrecht Koschorke: "On Hitler’s Mein kampf: the poetics of National Socialism", MIT Press: Cambridge, London, 2017.}

So, what did his early readers think?
It is often said that Mein Kampf might be the most unread bestseller of all time. As the following source concludes, that is not true. It was pushed to be bought, yes, but at the latest after Hitler got the power transferred to him, it was also the subject of intense discussion in schools, universities. Often the numerous copies in libraries were completely loaned out and unavailable to the demand. One library in Essen alone bought 120 copies. The book's popularity then waned after 1937.

For reasons of answer length let's stick with just the native German readers publishing in newspapers. These were people paid to read it, able to do some exegesis of meaning from these convoluted phrases. Yet in the papers of the time only the first of the two parts of the book was sometimes in discussion, the second part largely ignored. This situation changed only after 1929:

It almost seems that Mein Kampf fell into oblivion between 1926 and 1929 outside the NSDAP and various ethnic groups, since the book itself was not mentioned in publications that dealt more intensively with fascism in Germany at that time. Thus, in the anthology International Fascism, published in 1928 by Carl Landauer and Hans Honegger, Helmut Franke discussed German fascism over more than twenty pages, without even mentioning Hitler once. […]
Mein Kampf was also frequently the subject of interest in the Weltbühne. According to Hellmuth von Gerlach, reading Mein Kampf seemed to be indispensable for those interested in politics. He began his article on the "duel between Hitler and Schleicher" in the summer of 1932 with the words: "Anyone who has read Hitler's self-biography Mein Kampf will be shocked to wonder why such a sadistic supreme confusion council could become the leader of a strong third of the German people. In a longer article about a possible National Socialist education policy, Fritz Ausländer dealt with National Socialist texts on this topic. References to Mein Kampf also took up a wide space in this article. Hitler's remarks were described as "programmatic" and trend-setting for all "Nazi educators" who, according to his instructions, put the "race principle" at the top. A month later, Hitler's interpretations of the "Basic Law of Nature", racism, were at the centre of attention in the Weltbühne. Werner Hegemann quoted several times from Mein Kampf and ironically reflected on the consequences of implementing Hitler's ideas. […]

In the editorial offices of the Frankfurter Zeitung, the Weltbühne and the Vossische Zeitung, Mein Kampf was a much-read book. It is more difficult to judge whether the Berliner Tagebuch used Hitler's work equally. Hitler's comments on propaganda were, after all, referred to in connection with the increasing bans on newspapers: "His views on the noble activity of propaganda are certainly the most rotten in world history; no mortal before him would have known principles like this, and confess to liking and applying them with such naivité which can be read on page 202 of his eternity compendium Mein Kampf […]". The following quote from Mein Kampf stands out because of a wrong page number and above all because of the imprecise and partly wrong reproduction.
_{Othmar Plöckinger: "Geschichte eines Buches: Adolf Hitlers „Mein Kampf“ 1922–1945", München: Oldenbourg, ²2011.}

But still, until 1933 in Germany, it becomes clear that Hitler's book has by no means gone unnoticed. The political and social elites were largely aware of the book. Nevertheless, the perception of the book was very selective. Mostly only those parts were discussed and criticised, by which the own group of society was concerned. Other aspects were often left untouched, especially if one thought they had something positive to gain from them. Moreover, the uncertainty in dealing with Mein Kampf becomes clear again and again: To what extent should and had Hitler's book be taken seriously? In addition to a serious examination of the contents of the work, conscious trivialisations can also be found time and again.

Two contemporary quotes:

"Everything together was written in the style of a sixth grader, from whom clear essays are to be expected only later. Father Stempfle worked for months to order and contextualise the thoughts expressed in My struggle." –– Otto Strasser in "Hitler und ich" (Note that he was a Nazi as well. Only at the time these words were written he was fallen completely from grace completely. That the Catholic Priest Stempfle was the ghostwriter or at least editor was intended to publicly discredit Hitler as capable of straight writing and thinking.)

Princess Mechthilde Lichnowsky, a late friend of the language and ideology critic Karl Kraus, worked through the first volume of "Mein Kampf" page by page, filled two diary books with critical comments and came to the conclusion in an (unpublished) summing essay that Hitler's language was "the German of a megalomaniac commie. German for advertising. The German, for which only one term hits the nail on the head to some extent: Jewish cuddle!"

The most obvious single word to look for in Mein Kampf that directly corresponds to the "extermination of the Jews" is the "Ausrottung der Juden". The word Ausrottung does feature in the book, as shown above. But it is not only a frequent word in the German language. It is also not unheard of that it used referring to the removal, or outright killing of people. To the last man. This has shifted now, when not referring to the holocaust, mainly to "a species going extinct", either willfully by hunting or pesticde use, or haplessly, like for pandas and whales.

Looking at a text corpus for how this word was used we get this early example

Der gröste Verdienst / den er jhm vor Augen stellet das Paradeiß zu erwerben / ist die Außrottung der Ketzer.
__The greatest merit / which he presents to him to acquire Paradise / is the extermination of the heretics.
_{Abelin, Johann Philipp: "Theatrum Europaeum, Oder Außführliche/ und Wahrhaftige Beschreibung aller und jeder denckwürdiger Geschichten." Frankfurt (Main), 1635.}

Even the Jewish German historian Heinrich Graetz uses Ausrottung der Juden a few times in his "History of the Jewish People".

Curiously, even the most fervent and fanatic Nazis and antisemites, in the SS, no less, were in some parts surprised by the effects on their souls and psyche that mass killings would cause. Heinrich Himmler himself addresses this in one of his Posen speeches, in 1943:

Ich meine jetzt die Judenevakuierung, die Ausrottung des jüdischen Volkes. Es gehört zu den Dingen, die man leicht ausspricht. – "Das jüdische Volk wird ausgerottet", sagt ein jeder Parteigenosse, "ganz klar, steht in unserem Programm, Ausschaltung der Juden, Ausrottung, machen wir." Und dann kommen sie alle an, die braven 80 Millionen Deutschen, und jeder hat seinen anständigen Juden. Es ist ja klar, die andered sind Schweine, aber dieser eine ist ein prima Jude. Von allen, die so reden, hat keiner zugesehen, keiner hat es durchgestanden. Von Euch werden die meisten wissen, was es heisst, wenn 100 Leichen beisammen liegen, wenn 500 daliegen oder wenn 1000 daliegen. Dies durchgehalten zu haben, und dabei – abgesehen von Ausnahmen menschlicher Schwächen – anständig geblieben zu sein, das hat uns hart gemacht. Dies ist ein niemals geschriebenes und niemals zu schreibendes Ruhmesblatt unserer Geschichte, denn wir wissen, wie schwer wir uns täten, wenn wir heute noch in jeder Stadt – bei den Bombenangriffen, bei den Lasten und bei den Entbehrungen des Krieges – noch die Juden als Geheimsaboteure, Agitatoren und Hetzer hätten. Wir würden wahrscheinlich jetzt in das Stadium des Jahres 1916/17 gekommen sein, wenn die Juden noch im deutschen Volkskörper sässen.

__I am now referring to the evacuation of the Jews, to the extermination of the Jewish people. This is something that is easily said: "The Jewish people will be exterminated," says every Party member, "this is very obvious, it is in our program -- elimination of the Jews, extermination, will do." And then they turn up, the brave 80 million Germans, and each one has his decent Jew. It is of course obvious that the others are pigs, but this particular one is a splendid Jew. But of all those who talk this way, none had observed it, none had endured it. Most of you here know what it means when 100 corpses lie next to each other, when 500 lie there or when 1,000 are lined up. To have endured this and at the same time to have remained a decent person -- with exceptions due to human weaknesses -- had made us tough. This is an honor roll in our history which has never been and never will be put in writing, because we know how difficult it would be for us if we will had Jews as secret saboteurs, agitators and rabble rousers in every city, what with the bombings, with the burden and with the hardships of the war. If the Jews were still part of the German nation, we would most likely arrive now at the state we were at in 1916/17.
_{(Translation from offical IMT, via Nizkor project)}

Therefore it was by no means obvious, what exactly was meant when people read just this one word: Ausrottung.

Those who were ideologically particularly remote from the NSDAP represented a another case. Especially those on the political left denied National Socialism even the status of an ideology, or more precise: a worthy adversary in terms of intellectual prowess, which ultimately made it 'unnecessary' for a long time to deal with Hitler's book beyond day-to-day political polemics. With all due caution, the closer anyone was to National Socialism as a whole or in parts, the more intense the discussion of the book – criticism as well as agreement or relativisation – seems to have taken place.
The majority of Germans were already antisemitic long before Hitler was given power. The most notorious among them formulated quite openly:

On the future significance of the "Jewish question", the Hamburg program of the United Anti-Semite Parties in 1899 declared that the "Jewish question" would develop into a "world question" in the 20th century; it could only develop "through complete separation and… the eventual annihilation of the Jewish people."

What could go wrong with that?

To be clear: this just shows that a single book can be read in multiple ways. The German Nazis behaved, and did things, before they were given power over the state. 'Things' in the sense of concrete actions in a consistent pattern, that enabled many to predict a good deal of the barbarism that followed.

What did Hitler answer to "the Jewish question"? For comparison, in 1922 it was this:

"Once I really am in power, my first and foremost task will be the annihilation of the Jews. As soon as I have the power to do so, I will have gallows built in rows – at the Marienplatz in Munich, for example – as many as traffic allows.

"Then the Jews will be hanged indiscriminately, and they will remain hanging until they stink; they will hang there as long as the principles of hygiene permit. As soon as they have been untied, the next batch will be strung up, and so on down the line, until the last Jew in Munich has been exterminated. Other cities will follow suit, precisely in this fashion, until all Germany has been completely cleansed of Jews."
_{Josef Hell, "Aufzeichnung," 1922, ZS 640, p. 5, Institute fuer Zeitgeschichte. The retired Major Josef Hell was a journalist in the twenties and in the beginning of the thirties, during which time he also collaborated with Dr. Fritz Gerlich, the editor of the weekly newspaper Der Gerade Weg, as cited in Fleming, Gerald. Hitler and the Final Solution. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. p. 17, quoted here from the translation at Nizkor project, (German original, PDF)}

To close with Klemperer:

Mein Kampf, the bible of national Socialism, began to appear in 1925, and its publication literally fixed the essential features of its language. Following the Party’s ‘takeover {Machtübernahme}’ in 1933 the language of a clique became the language of the people, i.e. it seized hold of all realms of public and private life: politics, the administration of justice, the economy, the arts, the sciences, schools, sport, the family, playschools and nurseries.
The Third Reich coined only a very small number of the words in its language, perhaps – indeed probably – none at all… But it changes the value of words and the frequency of their occurrence, it makes common property out of what was previously the preserve of an individual or a tiny group, it commandeers for the party that which was previously common property and in the process steeps words and groups of words and sentence structures with its poison.
_{From Viktor Klemperer: "The Language of the Third Reich – LTI – Lingua Tertii Imperii a Philologist’s notebook", Bloomsbury Academic: London, New York, 2013.}