The beginning of Judaism
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No: he just had the same name.
The "five books of Moses" are so called because they were believed to have been written by the Moses whose life is described within them. They are actually known in Hebrew as the chumash (which means a set of five) or as the Torah ("instruction"), while the word Pentateuch (also, a set of five) comes from Greek They have existed for well over two thousand years, and are found amongst the Dead Sea Scrolls. Here is the Wikipedia article on this text.
Moses Maimonides, as you note, lived less than one thousand years ago. Maimonides, in Greek, means "son of Maimon". His Hebrew denotation (Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon) is often abbreviated as Rambam. He wrote a great many texts, but most famous amongst them is his codification of all Jewish law: a fourteen-volume opus called Mishne Torah. Here is the Wikipedia article on Maimonides.
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