Why did post-colonial Arabs fail to advance in science and technology?
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"For example, Israel was much younger than Egypt, but, it become a world leader in science and technology."
Comparing Israel to the Arab nations is not appropriate, because Israel was built primarily from European Jews, who brought with them the education and culture of modern Europe. Particularly in the arts, science and technology, in pre-war Europe, an overwhelming number of top level scientists, mathematicians, artists, musicians, etc, were Jewish. Look up the biographies and you'll see it. Jews were among the most well educated and sophisticated Europeans in places like Germany, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, etc. So Israel was essentially 'jump started'.
Add to this the enthusiasm and hope that the early Israeli settlers brought with them, having escaped the horrors of Europe and given the chance to found their own independent nation/state for the first time in 2000+ years? You get a dynamic quite different than that of the Israel's Arab neighbors.
The Arab nations must be measured against themselves and against other nations that have similar history and demographics. Israel is essentially a newly founded European/Jewish nation in terms of its culture and political system, quite different than its Arab neighbors in this respect - simple geographic proximity is not sufficient reason to use it for comparison.
Some sources - there are far more than can be easily listed here:
The Second Aliyah (1904–14), began after the Kishinev pogrom; some 40,000 Jews settled in Palestine
The Fourth Aliyah refers to the fourth wave of the Jewish immigration to Israel from Europe and Asia
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