What was the relationship between ancient Egyptians and Hebrews in documented hieroglyphs?
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The first mention of Israel anywhere is in the stele of the Egyptian pharaoh Merneptah c. 1209 BCE, where it says "Israel is laid waste and his seed is no more". In other words Merneptah claims to have crushed the Israeli nation so badly that it can't rise again.
This is in fact the only mention of Israel in any Egyptian records. The reason is that Egypt never more expanded it's borders that far, so no more wars happened between Egypt and Israel.
By the 9th century BC the threat to the Israeli kingdom is instead from the east and Assyria. By 732, Israel is possibly ruled by the Assyrians, Judah seems to have been at least, and after that Israel is an independent kingdom only in brief periods between the fall of one great empire and the rise of another.
Egypts enemies after this time are therefore not Israel, but the Mesopotamian empires that rule Israel, and this doesn't end until Alexander the great takes over both regions.
That means that we know that Egypt and Israel fought a war around this start of the 13th century BC, but then we don't know anything else.
Based on how things typically works, this means that Egypt and the region where Israelites lived probably had quite little political contact, but likely a thriving trade.
Upvote:0
As pointed out in the comments, the question is too broad in time span. For some parts of history there is additional ambiguity regarding which Hebrews you are talking about: at certain point in history Hebrew states of Israel and Judea were in conflict, and Israel made an alliance with Egypt to invade Judea. Does it make Egypt a Hebrews' ally (as seen by Israelites) or an enemy (as seen by Judeans)?
Going even further back in time, there's still a problem of identity of Hebrews among other peoples prior to 14th-ish century BC, apart from Biblical accounts.
The relations between Egypt and Hebrew state(s) varied significantly over the centuries, as did relations between any two neighbouring nations. One thing I'd like to address is the word "friends" in your answer. It's very rare for any two nations be "friends". Allies - yes; trade partners - yes; friends - hardly ever. As Churchill once said, "England has no friends, England has interests". And, as interests change, so do the alliances.
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