What is the flower-like motif appearing right on top of the arches of structures built by Qutb Shahi dynasty?

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Accepted answer

Those flowers likely represent lotus.

This is from the Charminar Wikipedia page - the German edition: enter image description here

Simple translation: "[...] These end in Chhatris with bellied domes, which in turn rest in wide-open stone lotus flowers"

Now, this refers to the flowers next to the closed ones (in your upper picture) but it can be assumed that the middle ones topping the arches are thereby closed ones.

Closed lotus flowers look like this: enter image description here

This UNESCO description of the Charminar seems to confirm the lotus hypothesis

"The Charminar's ground storey is indeed capped by a low compressed dome adorned with a solar lotus at its apex."

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