What was the Hospitaller gonfalon like in the 12th and 13th centuries?
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Jaroslav Folda of the University of North Carolina described the gonfalons of several military orders as follows:
The Templar battle standard is well known to have been a long narrow vertical rectangle, argent with a chief sable, that is a white standard topped by a broad band of black. This is the famous gonfalon baucent, or the piebald standard. We know about this standard from the Rule of the Templars. The Hospitaller standard was a white cross on a red field, and the standard of the Teutonic knights was a black cross on a white field. As is well known, these banners or standards were specifically represented as such by Matthew Paris in the mid-thirteenth century along with many other heraldic devices.
- Jaroslav Folda: Images of the Knighthoods of Christ in Norman Housley (Ed): Knighthoods of Christ: Essays on the History of the Crusades and the Knights Templar, Presented to Malcolm Barber, Routledge, 2017, pp 97-98.
Matthew Paris' depiction of the banner appears in the Chronica Maiora, Parker MS 16 fol. 141r, dated to c. 1250, and the Historia Anglorum, Royal MS 14 C VII, fol. 130v.
In Chronica Maiora, the Hospitaller gonfalon is shown alongside the banner of the Templars and the Oriflamme of France:
(Click to enlarge)
While in the Historia Anglorum it is shown with just the banner of the Templars:
(Click to enlarge)
Notice that in this case, both banners are inverted. This is not uncommon with depictions in marginalia.
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