Nomination of candidates in 1824 election
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Note that the first Congressional nominating caucus was in 1796, and was only to select a VP nominee. Thus the "King Caucus" system really only operated for POTUS candidates for 6 election cycles (1800-1820).
In the USA, the presidential election is essentially a set of separate elections where every state simultaneously votes for its state's choice of presidential electors. As such, the responsibility for drawing up and printing a state's ballot is entirely up to that state. A state could in theory, if it felt like it, refuse to put a major party's candidate on the ballot. Before the Civil War (particularly prior to 1836), it was actually relatively common for states to appoint their electors with no popular vote whatsoever.
In current practice, states delegate this task to their own state election boards, which have specific rules that have to be followed (as per that state's laws). For instance, in my own state of Oklahoma, parties get to pick their nominees, but a party only gets a line on the ballot if it received 10% of the vote in the last major election. This makes Oklahoma one of the toughest states in the country to get on the ballot.
1836 is an interesting case, in that the Whig party tried nominating different candidates in different regions of the country. The hope was that this would thwart a popular Democratic-Republican candidate by deadlocking the Electoral College and throwing the election into the House, where they had a majority. It didn't work, and hasn't been tried since.
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There was no official "procedure for determining who was on the presidential ballot" because during this period there were no official ballots.
In most states, voters were required to write the name of their preferred candidates on scraps of paper, but this was problematic because it required people to remember a large list of names, and votes were often disqualified because of misspelled names.
To help voters, the parties supplied their own ballots with only their party's candidates printed on them. You could copy names from the ballot onto a scrap of paper, or in some states you'd simply place the printed party ticket into a ballot box. Here's an example of one such ballot (source):
How Did Parties Choose Which Names Went on their Ballots?
There was never anything official or binding about nominations stemming from the Congressional Caucus. State parties were always free to ignore the Caucus and print their own ballots with their own presidential candidate.
OP asked, "By exactly what means were [the other candidates] nominated?" The other candidates were usually nominated the same way that Crawford was, but in miniature, by state caucuses.
Again, because of the unofficial nature of nominations, any group dissatisfied with the state party's nominees could simply print their own ballots. This is what happened in 1828: The Jacksonians did not need to worry about "getting on the ballot," because they could distribute ballots with Jackson's name to potential supporters.
(Update: Shortened significantly from original. See edit log if dying to know more.)
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. . . . The election of 1824 brought an end to both the Democratic-Republican-dominated “era of good feeling” and the use of a congressional caucus as a nominating device. Although the Democratic- Republican caucus nominated William Crawford of Georgia as its candidate, three other candidates (John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson) were also nominated by rival factions within the party. After a bitter contest and an electoral college deadlock, Adams was elected President by the House of Representatives. Senate Reference Paper
Today the political parties nominate candidates; in the early days of the Republic nominations arose from caucus'. The election of 1824, in which the party nominated multiple candidates and as a consequence lost the election, shaped the current system.
I can't find a clear reference, but the ballots are printed by state board of elections, generally under the supervision of the State's Secretary of State. Candidates qualify by submitting a nomination petition.
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