What was the persecuted group that was formally banned from leaving France?

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I think you are indeed thinking of the Huguenots. They were mostly in the south and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (Edict of Fontainebleu 1685) specifically exiled Protestant (i.e., Huguenot) pastors and forbade other Protestants from leaving the country. However, over the next quarter-century or so, 200,000-1,000,000 Protestants left (roughly somewhere between 20% and 80% of the total), so it wasn't very effective at preventing emigration.

In contrast, the Cathars, also heretics in the south of France but in the 13th century, were, after their military defeat (by which the French crown greatly extended its influence in the Languedoc) often forced by the Inquisition to do public penance and to scatter to communities without heresy in order to reintegrate individuals with the church. (Sean Martin, The Cathars. pp. 118f). While there was no formal prohibition on emigration as far as I can tell, emigration would have been difficult as neighboring monarchs would also have regarded them as heretics. By contrast, while Louis XIV tried to prevent Huguenots from leaving, there were many neighboring countries (England, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, the Scandinavian countries, etc.) willing to take them in, so in practice a large fraction of them left.

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