How was the first official geographical border established in Europe?
Upvote:0
Just about every stone age or later settlement has a boundary ditch and/or*strong text* wall around it. Borders are as old as man is.
Upvote:2
Intrinsic with the concept of national citizenship is that of a passport, the proof of membership in the body of citizens of a nation. The History of the Passport indicates antecedents dating back to both the Bible and the Islamic Caliphate (where a receipt for taxes paid entitled the bearer to travel to certain cities), but the first true passport seems to have been invented by King Henry V of England in a 1414 Act of Parliament.
Update - for question refocused on Borders:
The Rhine, Danube, Adriatic Sea and Alps, amongst other significant geographic landmarks, were all used as borders by Ancient Rome. The Aegean, Dardanelles and Western Himalayas were amongst those used earlier by the Ancient Greeks and Persians. Going further back, the Caspian and Black Sea were used by the Hittites. The use of geographic landmarks to establish borders goes back to pre-history. The notion of a first Medieval border defined in terms of geographic landmarks then becomes senseless, as all Medieval borders were established in terms of geographic landmarks, whether river, sea, mountain, Church, or hedge.
Upvote:3
The first known treaty determining the borders was concluded in 2100 BC in Mesopotamia between Lagash and Umma, the first known treaty in Europe was concluded in 493 BC between Rome and Latin League, the first known treaty in Europe that deals with borders was Peace of Callas in 450 BC.
That said, it is quite safe to assume that nearly every treaty ever concluded, clarified the border issues to an extent. This does not mean the borders were patrolled on a regular basis though.
I do not think when first permanent border fortifications emerged, but they were totally in place by the time of Roman Empire, with border checks and filtering.
It is reasonable to assume that first established fortified borders coincided with city walls.
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