How successful (or not) was the Civil Rights Act of 1964 concerning employment discrimination?
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When was the last time you saw an employment advertis*m*nt with the words "White Only", or "Blacks need not apply"? Likely you haven't. Before the civil rights act of 1964, specifically title VII such words were common on advertis*m*nts for jobs. Today you likely have never seen such advertis*m*nts, not because of changes to public perception, but because such adds are illegal.
1963 and 1964 saw sit-ins at lunch counters such as the Woolworth’s; restaurants where African Americans could not get service and would be arrested if they tried to eat. Wade-ins at public pools in places like St Augustine Florida where the public pools were segregated and did not cater to African Americans. Such laws and establishments were not prevalent everywhere in the United States, but they were certainly prevalent in some places and the Civil rights movement brought those places into American homes on the news nightly with protests, sit ins, and demonstrations.
Why did the civil rights movement go to all the trouble? To get Bull Connors in Birmingham Alabama to question his race preferences? No. The civil rights movement wanted federal laws to protect the rights of minorities even in the deep south. The 1964 Civil Rights Act was the landmark civil rights law which banned racism in public places. It was followed up by the landmark 1965 voter rights act which federally guaranteed voter protections across the nation. With the federally guaranteed voter protections African Americans became the political force which continued to change the South.
The 1964 Civil Rights Act that Kennedy sent to Congress tried only to get rid of discrimination in public places; Title VII, which added protections against workplace discrimination, was added as part of the long Amendment process. Just hours before the final vote, gender protections were also added to broaden the bill and thus derail it's passing.
Has the Civil Rights Act of 1964 fulfilled it's objective? No, we still have workplace discrimination. Yet the Civil Rights Act of 1964 has provided the legal basis for addressing these discriminations which didn't exist before it was passed. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) established by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 has received and investigated nearly a million charges of employment discrimination in the last decade.
Has the Civil Rights Act of 1964 fulfilled it's stated purpose and ended discrimination in the workplace? No, Absolutely not, but it has made a significant difference.
Primary Sources
Washington University Law Review, The civil rights act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 background
Secondary Sources U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
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