Who was the VP during these Civil Rights milestones?
Upvote:2
Red box (End of Slavery)
The red box should be empty. When the 13th amendment was ratified, there was no Vice President.
Passed by Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified on December 6, 1865, the 13th amendment abolished slavery in the United States and provides that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." archives.gov
Wikipedia Johnson was vice president under Abraham Lincoln and became president on April 15, 1865 after Lincoln's death. A vacancy in the office of vice president was not filled until the next election prior to the adoption of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967.
Wikipedia provides a list of VP and images LOC and ThoughtCo may be useful for checking facts.
Note that Wikipedia's chart shows when the office was vacant.
Upvote:5
First off, the language was obviously more imprecise than we'd like here. Instead I'd prefer to talk about what a woman of African and/or (Asian) Indian decent would be entitled to do everywhere in the USA, by circling the VP under whose service that right was effectively enforced, or if the office was vacant, then next VP.
This should get rid of nits like that she wasn't born yet, or arguments about where she would theoretically have been living.
Given that:
- Slavery was outlawed in the entire USA by the 13th Amendment, which was certified as passed on December 18, 1865. There's an exception that remains to this day for criminal punishment.
Many people incorrectly believe this was accomplished with the Emancipation Proclamation, but that was a wartime order, applicable only to rebelling areas not the entire nation.
- This one is more arguable, but the strongest case is probably for this happening nationwide with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, effective on August 6th of that year.
Technically, the 14th and 15th amendments should have guaranteed this right, but it was only with the passage of the VRA that the most common dodges and humbug ways to work around those amendments were made illegal nationwide. However, at least one state took this to the Supreme Court, and that case wasn't decided until 1970, so you could make an argument for that date. However, that challenge wasn't or racial or gender grounds, but rather age.
- This one's really complicated. The strongest case is probably for April 20th, 1971 (Swann), when the courts finally got serious about forcing recalcitrant cities to integrate their schools.
One could argue other dates, going back as early as Brown vs. the Board of Education on May 17, 1954, to as late as 1998, when Topeka schools were certified fully desegregated. However, prior to Swann cities were using tricks with district boundaries and housing discrimination (both legal and otherwise) to make sure students of color didn't really have an opportunity to go to all the same schools as the white kids.
Its also worth noting that educational discrimination on the basis of gender wasn't outlawed until June 23, 1972, which is even later than the date arrived at above.
- October 29, 1974 was when the equal credit opportunity act was passed. This essentially made it illegal for lending institutions to discriminate against women. Prior to this, many would require a woman to present a man to cosign any account. It was passed with surprisingly little fanfare.
When the Banking committee marked up the Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974, Boggs added a provision barring discrimination over sex or marital status -- without telling her colleagues first, inserting the language on her own and photocopying new versions of the bill.
"Knowing the members composing this committee as well as I do, I'm sure it was just an oversight that we didn't have 'sex' or 'marital status' included," Boggs told her colleagues, according to the House historian's office. "I've taken care of that, and I trust it meets with the committee's approval."
The committee approved the bill unanimously.
Rolling this up, we get:
- Red Box (Slavery) - Schuyler Colfax was the next VP to take office after that. The office was vacant at when it passed.
- Blue Box (Voting) - Hubert Humphrey
- Yellow Box (Segregated Schools) - Gerald Ford
- Green Box (Sexist Banking) - Nelson Rockefeller
How the original did:
Johnson (March 4, 1865 – April 15, 1865) - Wrong. He was President when the 13th was passed. He wasn't even a Senator yet when the Emancipation Proclamation was signed, but the EP did not free all enslaved Americans, so that wouldn't matter anyway. He was VP when the Civil War ended, so that's likely what they were thinking.
Calvin Coolidge (March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923) - Wrong, and I'm not sure what the heck they were thinking with this one. The best I can come up with is the 19th Amendment (allowing women to vote nationwide), but it was passed in 1920, and black women were still not allowed to vote in many states for decades after that.
Nixon (January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961) - Arguably wrong. One can make the argument if one takes the earliest possible date mentioned above, but being the earliest possible, its also the weakest possible argument.
Agnew (January 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973) - Wrong. Off by two, unless they were thinking of something other than the ECOA.
With my own poor image editing skills, I've fixed the order of the images to be more chronological, and circled the appropriate ones as above.
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