What was the internal Soviet reaction to the moon landing?
score:37
TL; DR: Landing on the moon was covered in the Soviet press, and was well known in the Soviet Union. It received much less attention than Soviet space missions, though.
Just to add something factual to previous answers.
NASA on U.S.S.R. reaction
NASA's Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1969 (15 MB PDF file) contains some useful information on press coverage of moon landing in USSR:
July 16 (p. 225) Worldwide audience focused on Apollo 11 launch:
U.S.S.R. radio and TV gave factual accounts on Apollo 11 launch but maintained third day of silence on Luna XV. Major Soviet news program at 8:30 pm Moscow time showed tape of Apollo 11 liftoff taken from live comsat coverage.
July 17 (p. 230): Izvestia gave the first U.S.S.R. report of President Nixon's July 17 announcement that medals of two dead Soviet cosmonauts would be placed on moon by Apollo 11 astronauts. Factual account of mission carried no comment (W Post, 7/19/69, A10)
July 20-21 (p. 233): Soviet Premier Alexsey Kosygin complimented U.S. on lunar landing and expressed interest in widening U.S.-U.S.S.R. space cooperation during July 21 Moscow discussion with former Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey, who was ending Soviet visit. Soviet TV did not carry live coverage of Apollo 11 lunar landing July 20; Tass announcement was read by newscaster and carried in two-paragraph item on Pravda's front page. Evening paper, Izvestiya, accorded story more space and featured photo of astronauts on the moon. On TV, Cosmonaut Konstantin P. Feoktistov described landing as "major landmark" and said crew has coped "brilliantly" with mission. Georgy Petrov, Director of Soviet Institute for Cosmis Research, called Apollo 11 "outstanding achievement" but said more data per ruble could have been gathered by unmanned probes.
July 24 (p. 244): ... In U.S.S.R. TV viewers had live coverage for first time during mission at Moscow TV station hooked into Eastern Europe's Intervision network for live transmission of astronauts being deposited on carrier Hornet. Later, station devoted first two-thirds of final newscast to Apollo 11 and announced that Soviet President Nikolay V. Podgorny had sent telegram to President Nixon offering "our congratulations and best wishes to the space pilots."
Soviet Academy of Sciences president Mstislav V. Keldysh called voyage "a big contribution to space exploration and further progress of world science." Cosmonauts send message to Apollo 11 crew: "We... closely followed your flight. We wholeheartedly congratulate you on the completion of your wonderful journey to the moon and safe return to earth."
Soviet newspapers
Scanned imaged from Soviet newspaper available on this page from arhivtime.ru. It is claimed to be from "Pravda" issue of 22 July 1969.
Excerpts from an article:
Первая лунная экспедиция
комментирует академик А.П. Виноградов
- Как вы оцениваете достижение экипажа "Аполлона-11"? Какие новые проблемы ему приходится решать по сравнению с предыдущими пилотируемыми полетами к Луне?
Полет американского космического корабля "Аполлон-11", в результате которого два человека - Нейл Армстронг и Эдвин Олдрин впервые ступили на поверхность Луны, мы оцениваем высоко. Серьезную проверку выдержал космический корабль и его многочисленные системы. Нельзя не восхищаться мужеством и выдержкой космонавтов, которые смело встретили неизвестность. Они впервые совершили посадку на поверхность нашего естественного спутника в лунном аппарате. Не менее сложная и новая проблема - подъем кабины с Луны и стыковка с кораблем, остававшимся на орбите.
Пользуясь случаем, хочу поздравить космонавтов с выдающимся успехом и пожелать им благополучного возвращения на Землю.
Rough translation:
The first lunar expedition
interview with academician A.P. Vinogradov
- How do you rate the achievement of "Apollo 11" crew? What are the new problems they had to solve compared to previous manned flights to the Moon?
We highly appreciate the flight of the American spaceship "Apollo-11", in which two people - Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin first set foot on the lunar surface. Spaceship and its many systems withstood a serious challenge. One can do nothing but admire the courage and self-possession of cosmonauts, who bravely met the unknown. They first landed on the surface of our natural satellite in the moon unit. New challenges are no less complex - ascent from Moon surface and rendezvous with orbiting spaceship
I take this opportunity to congratulate the cosmonauts with outstanding success and wish them a safe return to Earth.
Neil Armstrong's visit to USSR in 1970
In May 1970, Armstrong traveled to the Soviet Union. He presented a talk at the 13th annual conference of the International Committee on Space Research. He met Premier Alexei Kosygin and was given a tour of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center.
Excerpt from Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1970:
June 2 (p. 190): Apollo 11 Astrounaut Neil A. Armstrong, on goodwill trip to U.S.S.R., watched TV broadcast of Soyuz IX launch during party in his honor in Moscow and was told by Cosmonaut Georgy Beregovoy that mission was "especially in honor of your trip here."
Armstrong later presented moon fragment and small Soviet flag carried on Apollo 11 mission to Soviet Premier Aleksey N. Kosygin. Kosygin said he would "always cherish this gift as a symbol of a great achievement." He told Armstrong, "The Soviet peoples are second to none in admiring your courage and knowledge."
Q&A
DISCLAIMER: The rest of this answer contains personal opinion and partly based on the experience of communication with the people, who lived in the Soviet Union in the 1960s.
What was the internal Soviet response to the news?
Soviet officials and media praised astronauts and first moon landing was recognized as an exceptional achievement.
At the same time, Moon landing received significantly less attention than Soviet space program achievements (sputnik, first human into space, lunokhod). There was much more information published on Soviet missions, like Luna 15.
Did the Soviet citizens know it was happening at the time?
Soviet people were surely informed about it. Newspapers published articles on Moon landing, reports were broadcasted on TV and radio. Neil Armstrong, and Buzz Aldrin were widely known in Soviet Union.
Was it spun as a victory for humanity, or a victory for the United States, or a loss for the Soviet Union, or what?
As an achievement of the US space program and a victory for humanity. Certainly, it wasn't described as a victory for the United States/loss for the Soviet Union.
Soviet publications on space were largely centered around Soviet space program and its achievements. Sputnik, Gagarin's flight, first walk in space, various unmanned probes were largely praised as landmark achievements. In comparison, Moon landing was rarely mentioned and was never presented as a political victory for US.
Was the story reported accurately, or were details changed in the retelling?
The story was reported accurately. Soviet Union never tried to dispute the veracity of the moon landings. Again, highly-detailed reports on the event probably were never published in USSR.
Upvote:5
Propaganda
It was indeed reported, but as a non-event, buried in the middle of the newspaper. One had to pay close attention to learn about it and realize the importance of the event.
Just like in this joke:
Napoleon is reading "Pravda", while, say, Ney is watching the TV report from the November 7th military parade in Moscow.
- Ney: "Look, Your Majesty - these guns! If we had such guns, we would have never lost the Waterloo battle!"
- Napoleon: "shut up..."
- Ney: "Look, Your Majesty - these tanks! If we had such tanks, we would have never lost the Waterloo battle!"
- Napoleon: "shut up..."
- Ney: "Look, Your Majesty - these missiles! If we had such missiles, we would have never lost the Waterloo battle!"
- Napoleon: "shut up Ney, read this newspaper! If we had such newspapers, no one would know that we lost the Waterloo battle to this day!"
More to the point, the Lunar Landings were compared with the Soviet programs, e.g., Lunohods, as
- trivial (false - it required much more powerful engines which SU failed to produce)
- risky to human life (true)
- scientifically equivalent (false - Americans brought back much more soil samples and these samples were much more interesting because they were non-random).
People
Those "in the know" (i.e., those who could see though the propaganda and/or had inside information) were impressed (see Черток "Ракеты и люди" - Chertok "Rockets and People") and, depending on personal inclinations, happy, jealous, envious, etc. But these were a small minority.
Upvote:6
Since the answers so far give conflicting accounts on the amount and/or tone of reporting, I decided to add some material so that everyone can judge for themself.
Pravda
The report in Pravda on 21.07, titled "Cosmonauts on Moon", looks like this:
It is clear from the text that the bulk of it was written when the outcome of the landing was unknown and ushered to the print, because, funnily oscillating between future and past tense, it describes how the landing was supposed to have proceeded (between the time of writing and the time of publication). Only one paragraph in the end indicates that reportedly, all went according to plan.
On 22.07, Pravda came out with this:
and this
The first one is a pretty lucid account of the mission (with the "giant leap" quote, reporting jokes between astronauts and Houston etc.) and biographies of astronauts. It concludes with a paragraph that personally, the astronauts are very much like Soviet cosmonauts - easy going and amicable, brave and devoted to their mission of space exploration.
The second one is a commentary/interview of the vice-president of Academy of Science. default_locale has already presented a translation of the answer to the first question, but other citations are also of interest. For example: "For centuries, people dreamed of flying to other planets, of the day people will be on the moon. And now we are watching the dream come true"; highest praise possible. Also, the interviewer asks whether the scientist has watched the translation from the Moon, and the answer is "yes", rather puzzlingy: - surely enough Soviet TV did not show it live? The final part discusses scientific objections of the mission; the scientist praises its importance; saying that especially finding seismic activity of the Moon would be a big deal. No mention or comparison with Soviet probes is done here. This is perhaps not a surprise, since Soviet probes didn't manage to deliver any samples yet - in fact, Luna 15, the last-ditch attempt, crushed into the Moon on exactly the same day 21.07.
None of this was on the first page of Pravda, though. The entire first page was devoted to the visit of Brezhnev to Poland on the occasion of its 25-th anniversary. This was typical - being the official outlet of the Party, the first page was always devoted to the government addresses and official nonsense; readers knew where to look for the interesting stuff was further.
Izvestiya
For completeness, here is the scan of the first page of Izvestiya on 21.07:
This one does have Moon landing on the first page (lower right corner), with reporting continuing on page 3. The upper right corner is Luna-15, saying that it is circling the Moon. The rest is Brezhnev in Poland.
All in all, we cannot say that it was buried, downplayed, under-reported or criticised - the reporting was rather extensive and enthusiastic. I didn't find a word of criticism, nor a mention if being built up on earlier Soviet successes. Of course, it is true that this was nothing compared to reporting Soviet space program:
This is October 1969 fairly routine low-Earth orbit launch of Soyuz 8 - naturally, 8-th launch of Soyuz and 16-th in total. The caption says "This was never seen before - three Soviet spacecrafts in orbit!", the big portraits are of the cosmonauts, and the entire page except for the box in the lower right is devoted to the mission. Maybe they were just lucky that Brezhnev did not visit Poland that day!
Upvote:18
Well, the USSR did not conceal the event from the public. The official position can be described as follows:
The landing once more time confirms the materialistic worldview. The American consmonauts did not see angels or devils there, neither the God.
The landing shows the extent which a human can reach with labor and technological progress, it shows that people can not only visit but also work on the other space bodies.
The landings became possible only after Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin as well as other Soviet achievements paved the road to space.
The USSR did not do the landing because it is not that scientifically important per ruble invested, we could do what we wanted with automatic means.
The exchange of the moon soil and other scientific results proves importance of peaceful international cooperation in science etc.
But (someone in) the US possibly bulds plans of militaristic expansion in space (there are experiments on space weapons etc) which the USSR opposes.
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