What are the arguments against the feeding miracles really happened?

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The feedings of the multitude in Matthew is one of the few parts where the gospel refers to itself symbolically, which naturally is a big hint, that it did not actually take place.

When Jesus sees that the Apostles do not understand His warning of the teaching of the pharisees, He tries to make clear to them that bread means teaching - first by reminding them of the leftovers of the feeding of the multitude (Mk 8:17-21 / Mt 16:8-10). When they still do not understand it, he adds another symbol, the leaven (Mt 16:11) - only then they understand, that bread is not bread but teaching (Mt 16:12). This part is so important, because here Jesus Himself, and in the canonical scripture, directly connects the symbol of the bread as teaching with the feeding of the multitude.

Then, if there, too, bread is teaching, what is the feeding of the multitude? To understand it we need to, alongside the bread, use six other symbols as an aid:

Bread = Teaching | man-made food, in tradition with the dietary and sacrificial symbols in Judaism

Fish = new/worldly (Greek) Teaching | food from life (fresh water)

4 = worldly/Greek | 4 directions/seasons/elements/tetramorph

5 = Jewish | 5 books in the Torah

7 = complete/all | 7 as the largest digit prime

12 = all Jews | 12 tribes

1000 = many

Feeding the 5000 - Teaching the Jews

Many Jews (5000 people) from the Jewish villages came to Jesus, and wanted to be taught (were hungry). Realizing that he couldnt teach everyone (doesn't have enough bread and fish), he taught to his followers, who taught to all those who came in groups. He added to the Jewish teaching Greek ideas (to the five bread two fishes), to make for a complete (seven) understanding. The Apostles learned meanwhile how to teach any Jew (twelve baskets of bread left over).

Feeding the 4000 - Teaching the Greek/Pagans

After having been convinced by the Syrophoenician to do so, he went to also teach Greeks. Many Greeks (4000 people) from the Greek Dekapolis around came to him, and wanted to be taught (were hungry). He added some new ideas to the Greek ones (to the seven bread few little fishes), making it an even more complete understanding. Realizing again that he couldnt teach everyone (doesn't have enough bread and fish), he taught to his followers, who taught to all those who came in groups. The Apostles learned meanwhile how to teach anyone (seven baskets of bread left over).

In a last defence - Jesus himself explains His use of parables in Mt 13:10-17

Sources:

Myers, Ched - Binding the strong man : a political reading of Mark's story of Jesus

Hartjes, Jack - Gentiles in the Kingdom of God. Jesus Feeds the Multitude Twice

Myers, Ched - All ate and were satisfied: Fasting, Feasting and Food Politics in the Practice of Jesus

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The common arguments from textual discrepancy don't work well here. Some might use them to deny the feeding of the 4,000, but as noted in the OP, this would hold no force against the feeding of the 5,000.

In fact, the feeding of the 5,000 is the only miracle - prior to the passion narrative - that is found in all 4 Gospels. The attestation is exceptional.

The most common argument against the feeding miracles is the one advanced by Bart Ehrman (applied not simply to this event but to miracles in general): that a miracle is always the least likely explanation.

So as long as a creative, naturalistic explanation--no matter how ad-hoc--is available, the possibility of a miracle will always be precluded.

Ehrman explains his argument in the debate with William Lane Craig here. The back and forth on this point during the debate is fascinating.

I should acknowledge that I don't find this argument compelling; it is based on an untestable philosophical a priori assumption, not evidence. No amount of evidence will be persuasive if we've already decided to accept anything--literally anything--other than Divine intervention.

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I remember hearing the argument once that it's fictional because the first century Romans would have expressed an interest in the events, especially in light of food famines in North Africa.

Back in the 1980s, I asked that question to the Christian apologist, John W. Montgomery. He replied, "secular people think with secular thoughts." In other words, the secular Romans would not have considered it a likely occurrence.

Of course, it's also possible that the miracle was not a transmutation of elements, but the sharing of food. Although, I think this might be considered as not in the scope of what was requested. The little boy who shared his small amount of bread & fish started a movement that broke the spirit of stinginess. I recall hearing that Barclay in his commentary expressed that point of view. I think it is a strained interpretation of the text, but I thought I'd mention it.

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