Was there a special Sabbath in addition to Passover when Jesus was crucified?

Jesus said 3 days in the tomb. Friday to Sunday is not 3 days. The Hebrew day starts at sundown. Wednesday at 6 starts first night (Thursday), etc.

Jesus said

Matt 12:40: For as Jonah was in the belly of the great fish for three days and three nights, so will the Son of Man be in the heart of the earth for three days and three nights. (NLT)

We must be true in all our explanations to what He said. So however we explain the days/dates, the idea of the 'High Sabbath' comes closest to Jesus' words about Himself. I have believed it for years.

Lesley, Your question is excellent and you are correct.

"My question is based on John 19:31 which says that on the day Jesus died it was the day of Preparation, and the next day was to be a special Sabbath. Was this special Sabbath (on which no work could be done) the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread?"

Yes, on both counts. Passover is the 14th of Nisan, the 15th of Nisan starts the Feast of Unleavened bread, but since they are back to back and the feast of Unleavened bread lasts 7 days, they all get lumped together as Passover.

This is very significant, because this is exactly what the reason for so much confusion and misinformation about the crucifixion - most Christians today don't understand Jewish culture, or Jewish calendars, or Feast days.

Another very important thing that most Christians don't realize is that in the Hebrew language, Shabbat is the word for Sabbath, but all the 7 feasts and the weekly sabbath are Shabbat. Passover is a feast day, but it's not a High Sabbath day - in which all work is forbidden. Slaughtering a lamb, cleaning it and roasting it is a lot of work, and Passover is the preparation day for Feast of Unleavened Bread - in which no work could be done. Church leaders incorrectly assumed that this was Friday - preparation for the weekly sabbath.

Regarding your second question, Lesley, yes, there is evidence, it is clearly in the gospel account itself, and also in the Old Testament Torah, specifically Leviticus, where the feasts are given along with the specific commands about how they are to be kept.
https://www.gotquestions.org/high-Sabbath.html "So Jesus was crucified on the day before a high Sabbath. Because the Jews did not want Jerusalem desecrated on such a holy day as a high Sabbath, they petitioned the governor that the bodies of Jesus and those crucified with Him be taken down before evening (see Deuteronomy 21:22–23).

Scripture explicitly says that there were two Sabbaths in Christ's final week. The High Sabbath being Nisan 15 [Wed sundown -Thursday day] ** Remember Jewish days go sundown to sundown - Evening and Day. Jews used a Lunar calendar, and the cool thing is that the new moon is the start of every month, and because Passover is always the 14th of Nisan, it means Passover is always on a full moon. The Pharisees asked Christ for a sign that he really was the Messiah, and he only gave one sign and this was the sign of Jonah, which Christ quoted in Matthew.

"Just as Jonah was 3 days and 3 nights in the belly of the great fish, so the son of man will be 3 days and 3 nights in the heart of the earth."

Scripture says that the women bought rested on the sabbath and bought spices after the sabbath.

This is impossible to buy spices after dark on Saturday night - after the weekly Sabbath. They rested on High Sabbath - Thursday, bought spices on Friday, after the High Sabbath, and before the weekly Sabbath. In the 1st century, the only light besides the sun and moon were candles and torches. Buying and selling was forbidden on Sabbaths. So the idea of buying spices after sunset on Saturday night is patently absurd. No one would go set up their goods to sell in the dark, after the Sabbath had ended.
So they rested on the High Sabbath-feast of Unleavened bread- Thursday. Bought spices on Friday, and then rested on the weekly sabbath.

This is also why they had to get the bodies down from the cross before the high Sabbath - Feast of unleavened Bread. Wednesday at sunset to Saturday at Sunset is 3 days and 3 nights - just like Jesus himself said.
The other interesting thing is that we have 3 separate accounts of people being dead for at least 3 full days and nights, and raising again. Lazarus, Jesus, and the 2 witnesses in Revelation. This is because according to Jewish world view, and burial customs - the spirit lingers near the body for 3 days - so they would not be fully dead, but in a coma. After 3 days, the soul or spirit leaves so there they would be truly dead, and no one would say they were in a coma, and thus- no chance of resurrecting. This is what makes the resurrection so amazing.

Either we can trust the words Christ said, and the only sign he gave that he was the Messiah, or we can't. It's impossible to get 3 days and 3 nights from 1 day and parts of 2 days. It also requires that we totally disregard the clear words of scripture and even the words of Christ himself and a Friday crucifixion cannot answer the problem of the spices and 3 days and 3 nights.

An excellent summary and solid explanation with charts is here on blue letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/faq/crux.cfm

Was the special Sabbath mentioned in John 19:31 and Matthew 27:62 the start of the Feast of Unleavened Bread?

Yes, John 19:31 reads:

The Jews therefore, because it was the preparation, that the bodies should not remain upon the cross on the sabbath day, (for that sabbath day was an high day,) besought Pilate that their legs might be broken, and that they might be taken away.

Here are a few facts you can find in any encyclopedia:

• Biblical days are measured from sunset to sunset.
• Passover begins on the eve of Nissan 15 (after sunset on the 14th), with a seder and roast lamb meal.
• The day of Passover is a high holiday, a full sabbath.
• The first day of Passover (the 15th) is never on a Monday, Wednesday, or Friday.
• On Passover day and during the next week (Days of Unleavened Bread), all yeast products are forbidden and must be removed from everyone's houses before sunset.
• No work is allowed on a sabbath day, whether a high holiday or a weekly sabbath.

So, since nothing could be done after sunset at the end of the 14th, a lot of activity has to happen before then:

• Clean the house to remove all traces of yeast.
• Make the evening meal, plus meals to eat during the next day.
• All housework to get things ready for the celebration.
• The afternoon slaughter of the lambs for the Passover meal.

For obvious reasons, the 14th became known as the "Day of Preparation". It has no specific religious significance, but is tied to the high holiday that follows it.

The John 19:31 verse describes an instance of this need for urgent activity. Burying a dead body is considered work. If Jesus and the two thieves hadn't died soon enough, they would have had to remain there for another 36 hours until the morning after the high sabbath when their bodies could be removed. They weren't given permission until the 11th hour, an hour before sunset, so the burial had to be done very quickly so that people could return to their homes by sunset.

We know from Mark 16:1 ("when the sabbath was past [they] bought sweet spices") and Luke 23:56 ("[they] prepared spices and ointments and rested the sabbath day"), that there were two sabbaths shortly after Jesus's crucifixion. The women waited until after the high sabbath to buy and prepare spices the next day, and then waited until after the normal weekly sabbath to take them to the tomb.

The weekly sabbath is always from the sunset at the end of Friday until the sunset at the end of Saturday. Thus, early Sunday morning (John 20:1 "The first day of the week ...") was the first chance they had to go to the tomb.

That means that:

• The weekly sabbath was on Saturday.
• The spices were bought and prepared the day before, on Friday.
• The high holiday sabbath was the day before,on Thursday.
• The Day of Preparation was the day before, on Wednesday.

We in the western world have been raised in a culture dominated by a post-Constantinian Christian worldview of time, rather than one that is biblically Hebrew.

1. Our days begin and end at midnight, rather than the biblical breaking point of sunset.

2. Our days are named after celestial bodies and Norse gods revered in pagan worship and our work week begins on Monday and ends with a day of rest on Sunday (the first day of the week), rather than continuing the biblical pattern that Jesus and His disciples adhered to of keeping Sabbath on the seventh day.

3. Our Gregorian calendar years are numbered from the birth of Christ, rather than from the traditional Hebrew reckoning of the beginning of creation.

4. We have replaced the biblically instituted feasts of Pesach (Passover), Shavuot, Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, and Sukkot celebrated by the people of Israel with a variety of newly-minted Christian seasons like Advent and Lent and holy days like Christmas and Easter, as well as secular and neo-pagan holidays (holy days?) like New Year’s Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Halloween, and Thanksgiving.

Rediscovering the worldview and timeframe of Christianity's Hebrew heritage allows us to more fully appreciate the activities of Jesus of Nazareth at the time of His earthly ministry, crucifixion, death, and resurrection.

The first month of the Hebrew calendar is the month of Nisan, which starts at the dawn of spring. On Nisan 10 every year, our spiritual forefathers were mandated in Scripture to select a Passover lamb without blemish, observe the lamb for three days for signs of unworthiness, and sacrifice it on the fourth day as a ceremonial beginning to the celebration of the Lord’s Passover and the Exodus of God’s people from slavery in Egypt. Passover has been celebrated for millennia by the house of Israel in a traditional order or Seder on the evening of Nisan 15. In the year He was crucified, Jesus rode into Jerusalem on a donkey on Nisan 10, taught publicly in the Temple for three days before being sacrificed on the cross on Nisan 14, and was placed in the tomb just as the Passover feast was about to begin.

How long did Jesus stay in the “heart of the earth” before He was raised from the dead? Jesus answered our question Himself in Matthew 12.38-40.

How does His prophetic answer match up with the rest of Scripture and our gentile Good Friday, Easter Sunday tradition?
How did Jesus’ calendar match up with ours?
One attempt to solve this Passover puzzle can be found in the chart linked here “Jesus Fulfills the Promise of Passover,” which places the Last Supper Seder on the Tuesday evening of Preparation Day followed by His crucifixion and burial on Wednesday afternoon just prior to the start of the annual Passover Sabbath celebration that evening.

He then spent three days and nights in the tomb as He promised and rose from the grave after sundown on Saturday evening in time for the tomb to be found empty Sunday morning. What is your solution? Read the Gospel accounts of Jesus final days (Matthew chapters 21-28; Mark 11-16; Luke 19-24; John 12-20) and map out your own timeline.