Where is the sermon in a Mormon church service?

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I'm surprised this hasn't been asked here yet. Mormon services are a bit different, as you discovered. In the United States, there is generally a block of 3 meetings back-to-back including a sunday school, a mens' and women's time for instruction, and a sacrament meeting where the general congregation meets together. It sounds like the first meeting you attended was Priesthood meeting where the brothers study the words of scripture and modern Church leaders. Those classes usually have a single instructor each week. [Source]

Sacrament meeting is where any equivalence of a sermon would be heard. The primary difference between Mormon services and some others is the focal event of church meetings. The purpose behind holding a sacrament meeting is to take the sacrament and renew covenants made at baptism. The actual administration of the sacrament is the most sacred public meeting to Mormons. Hearing people speak and even interpersonal communion (socializing) is only secondary, though important. [Source]

Members of a ward, or local congregation, are invited to speak by the bishop or his counselors (the basic equivalent of a pastor) and will have some time to prepare a talk. Talks should draw from the scriptures, personal experience and testimony, and focus on the Savior. Note that comments made by church members over the pulpit at a sacrament meeting do not necessarily reflect the Church's official position on a topic or even Church doctrine.

The talks are meant to urge, inspire, and exhort all in attendance to come to Christ, to give them an opportunity to feel the power of the Spirit, and to strengthen their faith. Often, members will come with questions in their hearts and find answers in the words that day.

Counsel from leaders like a bishop sometimes occur over the pulpit, but usually this is private and individual, based on personal circumstances. The bishop and his counselors are supposed to meet with members regularly in interviews. There is no paid clergy, so all the service is volunteer.

Each member is also assigned two "home teachers" which visit their family once a month to share a gospel message, check on well-being, and be a friend and support especially when needed. [Source] In this way, instruction is given which might also help replace a typical sermon pattern. The bishop, his counselors, and others he calls on help organize these efforts. (It has also proven to be very quick and effective during disaster response, as home teachers immediately report in on who they teach, and bishops coordinate an effort if needed. [Source 1, Source 2)

So what you saw was apparently quite normal. Even once a month (the first Sunday), a fast and testimony meeting is held during sacrament meeting, where members forgo preparing talks and instead bear their testimonies about Christ and the gospel for the hour as they feel a desire to do so. Instruction is very member-to-member, you might say, but is guided by the direction of a bishop and other church leaders who also inspire and instruct. [Source]

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The "pastor" in an LDS congregation is called a Bishop, and his role in meetings can be understood rather literally as that of episkopos, or overseer. Instead of preaching a sermon himself, the Bishop calls upon members of the congregation to prepare and then present the sermons in coming weeks. The Bishop presides at the meeting and he or one of his counselors directs matters according to the schedule, but the talks are given by the members.

This makes sense in the context of Mormonism because the Bishop (and all clergy members, in fact) is a layman with other personal and professional duties to attend to throughout the week, in addition to his ecclesiastical responsibilities. He doesn't have time to prepare a sermon every week the way professional, dedicated pastors from other faiths do!

So instead, that burden/opportunity is spread throughout the congregation, with each Sacrament Meeting usually seeing two or three talks by members. (The exception being Fast Sunday, which Matt mentioned.)

The other two meetings divide the congregation up in different ways and present instruction in more of a classroom-style format, where active participation and discussion is encouraged. These meetings use pre-planned lessons from standardized lesson manuals developed by the church, though the manuals only cover the material to be taught, not any techniques or guidelines as to how to present it. Because of this, the tone of these meetings tends to be influenced pretty heavily by the people attending them, and by the teacher's style. (This is a contrast to the highly formulaic Sacrament Meeting, which is always similar in format and style no matter where or when you attend.)

As for the use of water instead of wine in the sacrament, the doctrinal basis for it actually predates the dietary revelation proscribing the use of alcohol by about two and a half years. Joseph Smith was told in a revelation that:

it mattereth not what ye shall eat or what ye shall drink when ye partake of the sacrament, if it so be that ye do it with an eye single to my glory—remembering unto the Father my body which was laid down for you, and my blood which was shed for the remission of your sins.

The use of bread and water has become standardized by custom, but stories exist of rare occasions when a congregation had no bread available and found other things to use on short notice, such as thin-sliced potatoes. (While this is doctrinally acceptable, such stories tend to be a bit contrived and I can't help but wonder how accurate they are.)

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