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Samarha
means tranquillity state of the mind. Keeping this state for the considerable time is the result of the meditation.
There are many ways you can do it, there are many meditation techniques to do this which are not advised in buddhism.
Meditation can be done concentrating on something like air, fire, soil etc.
But in buddhism you may concentrate on insatiable state of the world
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When mind is thinking about something it goes to neutral/calm state, where it won't react to inputs but just read them as it is.
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At its best, samatha meditation almost never involves an idea, concept, etc. Apart from the brahmaviharas, meditations on the foulness of the body, and a handful of other techniques, samatha almost by definition can't involved any kind of discursive thinking. It would simply be impossible to enter into higher states of concentration with this kind of mental content in place. In fact, the Visuddhimagga and other texts make a point of saying that while the 1st jhana can be reached by any number of techniques, in order for it to be exceeded discursive content has to be abdonded (and frankly, I'd argue that the 1st jhana can only be approached by conceptual techniques; there's just no "room" for conceptual thought when one attains absorption). Even in Rinzai Zen, where we work with koans, you aren't brooding or ruminating on the huatou (i.e. the part of the koan that you say over and over again in seated meditation). Rather, the word becomes an object of focus - no different than the tip of your nose, the breath, a kasina, the dan tien, etc. What you are really aiming for is a mental energy that is applied and sustained. The less discursive that mental energy is, the easier it will be for your concentration to stabilize and mature. It's why it's often better to stick with objects like the breath. You can direct your mental energy there in a way that doesn't give rise to extraneous mental content.
So much of samatha involves letting go (vossagga). As your concentration deepens, it will become exceedingly apparent just how riling and disruptive even the slightest thought object actually is. If what you are after is pure concentration, it seems counterproductive to enter into any practice relies on the production of mental content no matter how refined or virtuous that content might seem.
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To do samatha means to still something. In first jhana unwholesome perception is stilled/tranquilized, in first arupa jhana the perception of form has been stilled, with the attainment of 'cessation of perception & feeling' perception and feeling is stilled. This is clearly explained in Patisambhidamagga.
The modernist expression of to samatha meaning to meditate on a concept unlike doing vipassana whereas one meditates on 'an ultimate reality', is foreign to the pali canon. It is to me a disagreeable expression with a disagreeable meaning.
The 'vipassanists' who use this framework will usually tell you that the way they present the teaching is quite different to the canon but they do go on to justify their way loosely drawing from various commentaries and works produced in the last century.
It is very sectarian way of teaching and is imo one shade off chakra and kundalini frameworks.
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There are 40 meditation objects are prescribed in Visuudhimagga.