When can I apply for a short stay visa after consuming the 90/180 rule?

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The general rules and recommendations apply, you should apply for your next short-stay visa around three months before your next trip. That trip however has to occur after 90 days (or wherever you can re-enter while still respecting the 90-days-in-any-180-day-period limit), otherwise the visa should be refused. It's possible to get the new visa earlier (with a period of validity into the future) or to have back-to-back multiple entry visas over several years. But you must still abide by the maximum stay rule no matter what.

On the other hand, if you do not need a visa to enter the Schengen area for a short visit (i.e. your earlier stay was a visa-free stay), there is no point applying for a short-stay visa. You won't get one. The only type of visa open to people who do not need a short-stay visa for a visit are long-stay (national) visas. You can apply for one of those immediately, provided you qualify in some way. The 90/180 rules doesn't apply.

Whatever the case may be, a short-stay visa is not a way to overcome the 90-day limit and the exact same limit applies to short-stay visa holders. It doesn't make sense to write that you must apply for a short-stay visa because you have already stayed in the Schengen area for 90 days. Either you need a short-stay visa based on your citizenship (in other words: the stay you mentioned was already under an earlier short-stay visa) and you will always need a short-stay visa. Or you don't and you will never get a short-stay visa.

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