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When reentering EU (France) do I risk paying VAT and import taxes a second time if I'm not able to prove that I already paid them?
In theory, yes, the burden of proof is on you. That said, there are several reasons not to be concerned in your case. $200 is within the duty free allowance for personal use. It does not apply when you order by mail (which is why you had to pay in 2019) but it does apply if you're bringing something with you, making the question moot. On top of that, a laptop from 2019 has already lost much of its value. Things would be different if we were talking about a newish Apple device.
All that assumes your other devices have been bought in France / the EU or properly imported and are otherwise unremarkable, the allowance applies to everything you're importing into the EU, not device-by-device.
Upvote:2
According to this brochure (pdf) from the French Customs ministry, you can:
To spare you the trouble of carrying all these documents [receipts, warranty cards, etc.], and to facilitate customs clearance of your personal belongings, you may obtain a single document called the free circulation card*. The free circulation card is free of charge, valid 10 years from date of issue and renewable. You can obtain one at any customs office by presenting your belongings together with supporting documents (invoices, customs receipts, warranty certificates, etc.). As and when you purchase new items, you may have additional entries listed on your card by applying to the same office that issued the original card.
This may not help with the laptop if the customs office doesn't accept it, but might exempt other devices so that you're under the tax-free limit.