score:9
Yes you can, from the official site of Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs:
Is it possible to apply for or renew my Italian passport at a consulate where I am not a resident? Yes, but in that case it is necessary to obtain a clearance (nulla osta) from: the police (Questura) where you are a resident for citizens residing in Italy, and authorised consulate for citizens residing in other consular jurisdictions.
Upvote:1
As far as I am aware, the Republic of Italy still abides by jus sanguinis, which means that citizenship is passed down by descendent, regardless of where the individual was born or what their current connection with Italy is - so long as their parent is a citizen too.
As there is no limit to this, it means that the Italian state has to provide its diaspora with places to apply and have their passports renewed, like every state with a large diaspora community (Ireland, for example).
As a result, you should be able to renew your passport at any embassy or consulate which is associated with Italy. I would call (or email) the embassy in the country where you think you will be staying and they will be able to to advise you further.