Who uses a pre-"Gregorian" calendar and why?

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No major Orthodox Church follows the Gregorian calendar. Most follow the Milanković calendar (the "new calendar"), and the Russian, Serbian and Georgian Orthodox Churches, and the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem follow the Julian calendar (the "old calendar"). The monasteries in Mount Athos follow the Julian calendar for religious issues, and the Milanković calendar for civil issues (as they are technically part of Greece).

The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople was the first to adopt the Milanković calendar in 1924, and the Church of Greece followed shortly after. In the following years, all other major Orthodox Churches - except the four mentioned in the first paragraph - adopted the "new calendar".

This lead to a schism in Eastern Orthodoxy, with several "old calendar" Churches breaking communion with the "new calendar" Churches. "Old calendarists" maintain that there's no theological reason for adopting the "Pope's calendar", and some (e.g. the Genuine Orthodox Christians) believe the switch constitutes heresy.

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