What status and rights did a Roman freedwoman have?
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The Lex Julia de Maritandis of 18 BC forbade a senator to marry a freedwoman but in other instances where a freedwoman married her patron she had no right of divorce. Freedwomen did not have the right to benefit from wills until they had four children (other women when they had three children).
The Lex Aelia Sentia of AD 4 stated that a freed slave (of either sex) would only become a Roman citizen if they were aged 30 or over, their dominus was age 20 or over and the manumission took place before a magistrate. If a slave was freed before he was 30 he could still become a citizen if he married a free or freed woman and had a son of at least one year old, then a magistrate could make them all Roman citizens. Slaves who had been put in chains, tortured or branded could be freed but not become Roman citizens. They had to live at least 100 miles outside of Rome, could not benefit from a will nor make one.
The Lex Papia Poppaea of AD 9 gave a freedwoman rights to make an independent will only if she had four or more children, but a portion of her estate would always be forfeit to her Patron.
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