What was the fastest military draft in the United States?

Question: So, what was the shortest amount of time between when a military draft was announced, and when the first conscripts were deployed to a combat zone?

Short Answer:

9 days. August 4th 1863, a few Weeks after Gettysburg, Lincoln calls for the second Union draft of the civil war. Lincoln calls for 300,000 men for 9 months of service with quotas from each state remaining in the Union. Lincoln gives the states 11 days to fulfill their quota. Within 9 days on August 13th the first new regiments begins to march for Washington D.C.

Northern Draft of 1862
Aug. 13, 1863 the 110th N.Y. infantry departed for the capital Washington D.C (a front area).

Just 9 days after President Lincoln called for his second draft of the Civil War on August 4th 1863. Two days before the deadline of August 15th Lincoln associated with that draft.

Lincoln tried two call ups in 1863. The first in July failed, the second in August worked after Lincoln shortened the call up duration from 3 years to 9 months, agreed to pay a portion of the Federal bounty for volunteers up front (40$, then 25$ of the 100$ federal bounty, states and local counties also awarded these bounties which were compounded with conscripted men's funds and state and local governmental bounties, could total up to $1000 per man. Finally Lincoln threatened to fill the ranks with conscripted men from each state which failed to make the second quota. Both call ups, July and August, were called "drafts". see text of General Order No. 94 given below.

Some confusion about this draft may spring from the fact that both the entire call-up of 300,000 militia, and the subsequent filling of the deficiency in that call-up by conscription, are called a "draft."

1863, US Civil War saw Union troops regularly going into combat 3 weeks after getting called up. I found the above reference though to a regiment raised and deployed within 9 days, just weeks after the Battle of Gettysburg(July 1-3, 1863).

Detailed Answer:

The first wartime draft in American history where the draftee's actually saw combat was during the Civil War. The Enrollment Act, also known as the Civil War Military Draft Act, passed by congress in March 3, 1863, went into effect in July of that year and required all men 20-45 to register and be subject to the draft until the quota was met.

In the American Civil war there wasn't much training given to newly formed regiments. Many regiments went into combat only three weeks after being organized. They learned how to march and maneuver, some basic tactics and were thrown into battle.

Civil War Leadership: Discipline & Training of Soldiers
Rather than learning in training camp, Civil War regiments had to learn to fight on the battlefield. The training of regiments was lacking and consisted mainly of the manual of arms, little target practice, company and regimental drills in basic maneuvers and brigade drill and skirmishing tactics. Division drill or mock combat was a rare occurrence. Many regiments went into combat only three weeks after being organized.

Brigades were not combined into divisions until July 1861 or later, nor divisions into corps until the spring and summer of 1862. This means that no one, not even the officers had any experience fighting in such large numbers.

Pietr Geerkens
Civil War - legislated and enacted, but only a trivial number of conscripts were ever drafted: 2% plus 6% of paid substitute conscripts. All units throughout the war were predominantly filled with volunteers. There were never enough conscripts, used or required, to warrant any plan to train them.

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It's irrelevant that only a small number of the Union Army were technically conscripted. The question makes no restriction on the percentage of draftees vs volunteers, just the duration between the draft being announced and how quickly they were placed in the field.. Secondly that only a small amount of soldiers were drafted by Vietnam/modern standards isn't the same as saying the draft only accounted for a small number of soldiers. The Draft was designed to create more volunteers and the legislation was very successful in raising hundreds of thousands of soldiers.

We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War. By James W. Geary.
After Congress passed the Enrollment Act in March 1863, all men aged twenty to forty-five became eligible for the draft. This act, Geary emphasizes, was an attempt at reigniting volunteer enlistments. Although all men between twenty and forty-five were eligible, only congressional districts that did not meet the quota for volunteers would then implement a draft lottery. Then, if drafted, the men would receive a medical and hardship examination. If he passed the draftee would have ten days to hire a substitute, to pay a three-hundred-dollar commutation fee, or to join the army. Geary shows that the ability to hire substitutes and the three-hundred-dollar commutation fee allowed the majority of all men drafted to stay home.

Draft bounties were paid by individual soldiers federal, state and local governments. They were all compounded.

. Cincinnati Civil War Round Table From the Draft Act of 1863 to the end of the war, there was a total of almost $600,000,000.00 paid out in enlistment bonuses and allowances. This included $286,000,000.00 from state funds and $300,000,000.00 from the federal government.

If you volunteered you could receive a bounty as high as $1000 for your service. If you didn't volunteer you ran the risk of being drafted and getting nothing. This was a carrot and stick measure designed to get people to volunteer and it was quite effective. Hundreds of thousands of union "volunteers" collected bounties for their service which was directly enabled by the Enrollment Act.

Here is the timeline.....

• March 3rd 1863, The Enrollment Act is passed by Congress, empowering the President to draft citizens into the Army.
• July 2, 1863, Lincoln calls for the first Union Draft of the war, 300,000 men for 3 years, giving each state in the union a quota. The states ask for volunteers but get none. The call up fails.
• August 4th, 1863, Lincoln has received almost none of his troops with the states claiming they had no regiments to provide. So Lincoln responds calling for new round of 300,000 men, but this time both cutting the time of service from 3 years to 9months, and further saying if his second call up is not provided by August 15th, 1863 (10 days) Lincoln will start drafting citizens from each state which has not met its quota. (both call ups were referred to as drafts, even though the effect was to inspire volunteers).

On Aug. 4, 1863 Lincoln called up 300,000 men for nine months service, on top of the 300,000 he had already requested in July for three years. The militia call-up was General Order No. 94:

Ordered:
I. That a draft of 300,000 militia be immediately called into the service of the United States, to serve for nine months unless sooner discharged. The Secretary of War will assign the quotas to the States and establish regulations for the draft.
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II. That if any state shall not by the 15th of August furnish its quota of the additional 300,000 volunteers authorized by law, the deficiency of volunteers in that State will also be made up by special draft from the militia. The Secretary of War will establish regulations for this purpose.

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Northern Draft of 1862

"It became quickly apparent that the draft was not intended as the primary source of man power," wrote a historian of the Union army. "Rather it was merely a whip to encourage volunteers."

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"Thousands of our people are now offering themselves under the last call, and are demanding they shall not be drafted," Adjt.-Gen. Allen C. Fuller of Illinois wrote to Stanton on Aug. 7. Finnell, the military governor of Kentucky, was delighted. "Enlistments are greatly facilitated by the draft," he wrote to the War Department on Aug. 7.
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The imminent threat of the draft swelled the recruiting, and the fresh blue-clad ranks began to flow toward the front: the 110th N.Y. infantry departed for the capital on Aug. 13, (9 days after Lincoln made his second call up).... the 122nd and 129th Pennsylvania arrived in Washington on Aug. 16; the 18th Connecticut rode through New York City on Aug. 23; the 11th N.J. regiment departed the state Aug. 25; the 36th Massachusetts left Worcester on Sept. 3, and so on.

Occurring weeks after Lincoln announced the second draft on August 4th 1863, went into effect the first wave of men were marching through Washington.... Washington in August 1863 a month after the Battle of Gettysburg, was a front staging area of the Civil War.

Sources:

• Enrollment Act
• Civil War Leadership: Discipline & Training of Soldiers
• Northern Draft of 1862
• America's First Wartime Draft
• Cincinnati Civil War Round Table
• We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War. By James W. Geary.