score:21
Upvote:4
The granddaddy of them all, George Washington became Senior Officer of the United States Army from July 1798 until his death in December 1799. He would have been Commander-in-Chief of armies raised had the Quasi-War progressed further.
It's definitely a regular and permanent government role, though not civilian like the others.
Upvote:7
William Howard Taft is the first one that comes to mind, since he served as the 27th President of the United States from 1909 to 1913, he didn't really like it and later became a professor of law at Yale and then was nominated for the Supreme Court as Chief Justice. You can read a little bio on him at the White House web site.