Why were eastern European states larger than western European states for much of history?
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Your generalizations about both Western and Eastern Europe are completely unfounded. For example:
- The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was no more centralized than the Holy Roman Empire, and perhaps even less so: the H.R.E. morphed into a Prussian led German State shortly after Poland disappeared completely.
- Large swaths of France were under English (and Burgundian) suzerainty for much of the 4 centuries from 1066 to 1453.
- Spain underwent a 7 1/2 century long civil war known as Reconquista from the Battle of Tours (732) until the fall of Granada (1492).
- First Muslim and then Norman invaders controlled most of Southern Italy for centuries.
- The Baltic states were a hodgepodge of semi-sovereign duchies when they weren't (nominally) subordinate.
- The Ottomans controlled most of the Balkans, most of the time, from shortly after the Fourth Crusade until well into the 19th century.
- England twice, during The Anarchy and again during Wars of the Roses, was a completely decentralized state.
That's just a partial list of exceptions, that far outnumbers your examples.
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Source: stackoverflow.com
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