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Hatshepsut, 18th dynasty female pharaoh who ruled circa 1478β1458 BC, had bone cancer. Her identity and the diagnosis has been confirmed by scientific research.
Ferdinand I of Naples, reigned 1458-94. According to Wikipedia,
The cause of his death was determined in 2006 to have been colorectal cancer (mucinous adenocarcinoma type with mutation in the KRas gene), by examination of his mummy.
Anne of Austria (1601-1666) died of breast cancer. As the wife of Louis XIII of France, she was Queen Consort of France (1615-43). From 1643 to 1651 she was regent during the minority of Louis XIV.
Mary Ball Washington (1708-89), mother of George Washington, died of breast cancer. An account of her treatment and last days can be found here.