What are the Ancient Egyptian words for these concepts?

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Accepted answer

The Ancient Egyptians didn't really have words that quite matched those concepts. Their world-view was very different from ours.


Perhaps the nearest was the "hill country" hieroglyph hill-country hieroglyph (usually transliterated as 'xAst') which was often used as a determinative for foreign lands. This could also be spelled out, rather than using the single hieroglyph, for example as

alternative rendering of hill-country

or

another alternative rendering of hill-country

These words might appear also in their own right in contexts where we translate them to mean "foreign land".


There are a few dictionaries of Middle Egyptian hieroglyphs available online, including this searchable pdf version which you might find of use.

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