Noble hierarchy in the early middle ages
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Remember the mnemonic Do Men Ever Visit Boston - in descending order: Duke, Marquis, Earl (Count on the continent), Viscount, Baron.
Baronet is a hereditary Knight, and both are below Baron and non-noble ranks.
ArchDuke (ErzHerzhog in Germanic lands) is a (somewhat) artificial title constructed by the Hapsburgs to, prior to their becoming the hereditary holders of HRE and the Monarchy of Spain, distinguish themselves from other Duke-Electors. Elector is a distinguished Duke in the Holy Roman Empire, with the hereditary right to vote in the election of the HRE. ErzHerzog, through being only ever granted to members of the Hapsburg royal family, became a de facto royal rank rather than a noble one, essentially equivalent to Prince.
Prince is always a royal rank rather than a noble one, as are of course King and Queen and Emperor along with its variants (Kaiser, Tsar, King of Kings, etc.). I am unsure whether a Queen Consort is considered royal or noble, and this may actually vary by state.
Traditionally the heir of a noble holds a courtesy title one below the concrete title of his parent; this may or may not confer actual privilege of ownership of a fief. Younger children may have the same rank of courtesy title, or one down again depending on tradition. As an heir or other child approaches maturity they may, depending on tradition and the discretion of the hereditary title holder, be granted a real title either distinct from, or identical to, their former courtesy title. In modern times the concept has been extended to include such as former wives, and other related persons to the hereditary holder of the main title.
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