How was the Lanfang Republic set up if emigration from China was illegal?
score:4
Before answering, I noticed you've asked a previous question regarding China and Southeast Asia (re: migrants to British Malaya during 19th century). I do not know your specific level and area of interest, so I'd like to recommend 2 books:
- Victor Purcell, The Chinese in Southeast Asia (Oxford, 1981), reviewed here. This book is slightly outdated (but up your alley on Chinese migrants/sojourners to Nanyang (South Seas)). Nanyang is the historical name given to Southeast Asia by China, especially the insular part. In fact, Nanyang is still used today. The author was a British colonial civil servant in Malaya, now Malaysia, and historian.
- Philip Bowring, "Empire of the Winds: The Global Role of Asia’s Great Archipelago" (IB Tauris, 2018). This book is a wide-ranging survey of insular SEA going back to antiquity. The later chapters, 23 and onward, deals with modern Malaysia, incl how the Chinese came to play a role in Borneo. Impressively detailed book, written with some passion. You might have heard of John Bowring, the fourth governor of Hong Kong?
Back to question: How could Lanfang republic exist in 18th century Borneo if Chinese migration was prohibited during Qinq era?
Borneo has a long-standing trading relationship with south China since antiquity, long before the Manchu dyansty came around during mid-17th century. In fact, these Chinese settlers in insular Southeast Asia (of which Borneo is a part of) pre-date Qing by probably about 1,000 years, i.e. have been there since about 7th-8th century CE, if not earlier.
In other words, even before Zheng He's voyages under Ming (1405 to 1433), the Chinese already had business dealings with people of Borneo.
Borneo in the annals of China
In the Song Shu (宋书 Liu Song History Annals), which was edited by Shen Yue (沈约, 441–513) during the Nan/Southern dynasty, are records concerning the Poli nation (婆利国). Liang Shu (梁 书 Liang Dynasty History Annals), Nan Shi (南史 History Annals of the Nan/Southern Dynasty), Bei Shi (北史 Bei/Northern Dynasty History Annals), Sui Shu (隋书 History Annals of the Sui Dynasty), Jiu Tang Shu (History Annals of the Old Tang Dynasty) and Xin Tang Shu (新唐书 History Annals of the New Tang Dynasty) all show records of the arrival of an emissary from the Poli nation to pay tribute to China (进贡). In the Song Shi (宋史 Song Dynasty History Annals), Borneo was called “Boni” (渤尼/渤泥), and in the Ming Shi (明史 History Annals of the Ming Dynasty), Borneo was also most often known as “Boni (浡泥).”
Source: Wan Kong Ann, “Examining the Connection Between Ancient China and Borneo Through Santubong Archaeological Sites” Sino-Platonic Papers, 236 (April 2013)
From here, it was simply a matter of placing Chinese merchants in and around Borneo for business purposes, learn local customs and language, wait out the monsoon winds, etc. In time, this Chinese became localised (known as Peranankan).
So, the republic was not set up by Qing officials but localised Chinese merchants in Borneo. I believe Lanfang was more co-operative (think joint-stock company without the legal recognition/state support) than republic. The localised term is kongsi.
More post
- 📝 When the national leader is a foreigner
- 📝 State changing its name within the United States
- 📝 Was the Battle of Tours really the turning point for the Umayyad expansion into Europe?
- 📝 When and where was William the Conqueror baptized or christened?
- 📝 Who are the Cathari in the Canons of the council of Nicaea?
- 📝 What happened to all the undivided shares of California ranchos?
- 📝 Greek History vs Mythology
- 📝 What was Mohenjo-Daro's "lower town"?
- 📝 When did prostitution become illegal in the United States and why?
- 📝 Why did Napoleon change his mind and continue the attack into Russia?
- 📝 Was there relative peace in the Middle East before the end of the Great War?
- 📝 Who was Charles Kingston O'Mahony?
- 📝 Did all writing civilizations eventually produce cryptography?
- 📝 Why was there never a tachanka-style cannon or crossbow?
- 📝 Battles won by much weaker side
- 📝 What became of the plan to partition Angola?
- 📝 Did Theodore Roosevelt ever say the "things that will destroy America" quote?
- 📝 What uniform are these gentlemen wearing?
- 📝 Help needed to identify this badge, probably from World War Two
- 📝 How did ancient mystery religions impact Christianity?
- 📝 Why didn't Emperor Gaozu of Tang let Crown Prince Li Jiancheng command battles more often?
- 📝 Have atheists ever been persecuted in India?
- 📝 What caused the shift from racially-motivated violence to segregation in the Reconstruction era?
- 📝 How many troops did Hitler send back from the Eastern front to face the Allies' assault?
- 📝 Has any US President served in a government position with a foreign nation before or after their presidency?
- 📝 Why did any slaves or former slaves choose to fight against Britain in the Revolutionary War?
- 📝 Do authoritative Jewish historical records record the expulsion
- 📝 How significant was the literary loss due to WWII?
- 📝 What access did people in the Warsaw pact countries have to Western television and radio?
- 📝 How did the Roman army go from constantly losing battles in the middle of the 3rd century to winning almost everything?
Source: stackoverflow.com
Search Posts
Related post
- 📝 How was the Lanfang Republic set up if emigration from China was illegal?
- 📝 How was Napoleon able to take power from the Republic
- 📝 How difficult was to escape from a naval battle after engaging into one during the Age of Sail?
- 📝 How was life in the Iron Age different from life in the Middle Ages?
- 📝 How was security on the Silk Road between China and the West maintained?
- 📝 Why did Japan not withdraw from China as its pacific front was crumbling and the threat of US invasion imminent?
- 📝 How was the transfer of personnel from British women's military services managed?
- 📝 How widespread was dueling in the United States from its formation to 1860?
- 📝 How was debt handled in the change over from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian?
- 📝 How do the efforts of the Jesuits in China differ from their efforts in Japan?
- 📝 How were political factions in the late Roman republic different from political parties today?
- 📝 How did laborers travel from China to Malaya in the early 19th century?
- 📝 How accessible was the port of Archangelsk from the east?
- 📝 How democratic was the ancient republic of Rome?
- 📝 How did redenomination prevent the Weimar Republic from further decline?
- 📝 How do historians and linguists know how to pronounce the names from non-phonetic scripts?
- 📝 Why was Poland spared from the Black Death?
- 📝 How serious was Fermat's statement about the ancients?
- 📝 How and when was the modern company ownership structure invented?
- 📝 How did the American Civil War help the U.S economy recover from the Panic of 1857 given that civil wars are extremely destructive?
- 📝 What was the reason for Soviet troops to withdraw from Yugoslavia in World War II?
- 📝 How was the United States able to produce excellent tanks in 1942?
- 📝 Why did the Republic of China retract its simplified Chinese characters?
- 📝 How long was a sea journey from England to East Africa 1868-1877?
- 📝 If the Ch’in dynasty was so short-lived, why was China named for it?
- 📝 How popular was the Soviet Union?
- 📝 How was titanium transported from Soviet Union to Area 51 for Oxcart?
- 📝 Why was the northern boundary of the Mongol empire set where it was?
- 📝 How likely is it that any non-Celtic language was spoken in the British Isles when the Romans invaded?
- 📝 How significant was the Fall of Constantinople as an event leading to the Age of Exploration?