Were metal purities in coins well known and standardized by the 1500s?
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Accepted answer
The standard for the Middle Ages was "ducat", fineness or .986 pure.
This was adopted in Venice in the 13th century, and by then Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian in 1511. The Red zloty or "Polish ducat" was produced beginning in 1526.
The "ducats" could be of either gold or silver. In Poland, however, only gold coins "red zlotys" were treated as ducats. The silver Grosz was debased over time.
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