Can we say that the first empire that divided its territory into provinces was the Neo-Assyrian Empire?
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Definition
It possibly depends upon which definition of province one is using.
A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman provincia, which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outside Italy. The term province has since been adopted by many countries. In some countries with no actual provinces, "the provinces" is a metaphorical term meaning "outside the capital city".
Nome
If we are talking about administrative divisions outside of the capital city then ancient Egypt would have been earlier than the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and lasting longer too.
Nome, administrative division of ancient Egypt. The system of dividing the country into nomes was definitely in force by the time of the Old Kingdom (c. 2575–c. 2130 BC) and persisted with modifications until the Muslim conquest (AD 640). In late times there were 42 nomes, or provinces, 22 in Upper and 20 in Lower Egypt.
Neo-Assyrian Empire
But if we are talking of provinces outside of the country, then yes the Neo-Assyrian Empire was probably the first to use such a system on a grand scale, even encompassing Egypt itself for a short period.
World history encyclopedia, Neo-Assyrian Empire
The Neo-Assyrian Empire (912-612 BCE) was, according to many historians, the first true empire in the world. The Assyrians had expanded their territory from the city of Ashur over the centuries, and their fortunes rose and fell with successive rulers and circumstances in the Near East. Beginning with the reign of Adad Nirari II (912-891 BCE), the empire made great territorial expansions that resulted in its eventual control of a region which spanned the whole of Mesopotamia, part of Anatolia, the Levant, and Egypt.
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