What have been the major milestones in the creation of state literacy policies?

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It sounds like you are referring to compulsory education.

By and large, compulsory education appears to be a trailing indicator of heavy literacy, not a leading one. In other words, once a critical mass of people in a society become literate, it becomes seen as a necessity to function in society (either for the child, for society, or a combination of the two, I think is up for debate).

There's a really nice interactive graph of world literacy rates at Our World In Data that I've screenshotted at 1870 below.

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Why 1870? This is not only the first year we have data for the US, but also one of the last datapoints before a lot of the nations on this graph began compulsory education. Specifically, for the 5 countries that gave data that year graph, the compulsory education enactment timeline was:

  • The USA enacted it by state. The only states that had CE in 1870(PDF) were Massachusetts, DC, and Vermont.
  • Scotland made education compulsory in 1872. England and Wales didn't have it until 1880.
  • France made it compulsory in 1882.
  • Sweden made it compulsory 1842.
  • Italy got it in 1869

So of the 5 countries listed on that graph popup, only Italy had yet to achieve at least 2/3rds of their citizens literate before compulsory education was enacted. Sweden was the first of the 5 to enact it, but it was also already the most literate of the 5 at the date it did so.

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