Why didn't the English overrun France when the king was their captive?
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One needs to remember that France had a multiple of England's population, and armed forces during the Hundred Years' War. Thus, the surprising thing is not that England failed, but that it came close to succeeding.
England did try to "overrun" France after the victory of Poitiers. But King John was a weak king, and the quality of French leadership actually improved after his capture. In 1358, the English landed an army at Calais, and marched inland to the city of Rheims, where the French kings had been crowned. (Years later, Joan of Arc planned a campaign aimed at this city.) The French adopted "Fabian" tactics to avoid a repeat of Poitiers, and Rheims had prepared itself for siege, which it successfully resisted. During the retreat, about 1000 Englishmen were killed in a freak thunderstorm. This discouraged the English; some took it as an omen.
The resulting Treaties of London drew a line between the minimum that the English would accept, and the maximum that the French would give. Historically, England had owned Aquitaine through the 1152 marriage of King Henry II to Eleanor of Aquitaine. Successive French incursions had shrunk "Aquitaine" to just "Gascony." England had all of Aquitaine restored to her, plus a bit more, all the way to the lower reaches of the Loire Valley, in exchange for renouncing claims on the middle Loire, Brittany, and Normandy. Also, greater "Aquitaine" would be owned "free and clear" by England, rather than a Duchy that at least nominally paid homage to France, while King Edward III renounced his claims to the French throne through his mother.
If you're wondering why the English didn't threaten or torture King John until he signed away his country, you're thinking in twentieth century "total war" terms e.g. what would the Allies have done if they had captured Hitler. War in the Middle Ages (of Chivalry) was a lot more "gentlemanly." The English made one more attempt to overrun France, lost, and "settled" for what they could get, which was basically a "cease-fire in place." Which was the customary result for its time. Not e.g. the "unconditional surrender" of the Axis powers (or of France). Even Hitler himself let France (nominally) keep half the country (Vichy France) until 1942.
To give you an example of the chivalry of the time, King John was released in 1360, after leaving two of his sons as hostages. When one of them escaped in 1362, John himself volunteered to go back into English captivity to redress the balance. That would not have been done in "your" world.
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