When did military leaders in the field start to put units or ships as tokens onto a map and to move them around?

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The Prussian army first developed the concept of kriegsspiel - German for war game - early in the 19th century. In 1812, Prussian nobleman George Leopold von Reisswitz improved the earlier wargame using coloured blocks. The prototype used a sand table of damp sand molded for terrain; but the official version presented to the king used porcelain tiles stored in a wooden cabinet.

Prior versions were much more abstract, using chess-like pieces and board though representing actual military units and terrain.

More links for Kriegsspiel:

How Kriegsspiel changed the history
The history of Kriegsspiel and its successors
The origins of kriegsspiel
The origins of wargaming
Nineteenth Century wargaming

Pieter Geerkens 71937

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Source: stackoverflow.com

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