How were ethnographic maps in the 19th century made?
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A detail that pops out looking at a couple of these maps is the cartogropher, Heinrich Kiepert. Instead of speaking in general terms about the maps, we can, at least partially, answer the question by looking at Kiepert. An article here discusses his credentials:
Kiepert was head of the Geographisches Institut in Weimar between 1845 and 1852 and professor at the University of Berlin from 1852.
So as suggested in comments, the cartographers are often members of academic organizations, which give them other resources to draw upon to aid them in their work. But they do field work as well (same source):
Another major interest was the Ottoman Empire, where Kiepert travelled numerous times, gathering enough data to produce several major maps of the Ottoman world between the 1840s and 1890s.
The wikipedia article also points out earlier travels in his youth. So we see some travel was definitely involved in the process. So a combination of field work and academic research are implied, with varying amounts of each depending on circumstance.
For little more direct information about the ethnographic maps, and specifically those about the Balkans, an article(pdf) on Ethnic Mapping on the Balkans (1840–1925) addresses some of the sources used by Kiepert (pdf pg 15):
Kiepert‘s work was based on the data of Sax, Jireĉek, Kanitz, Bradaška, Jakšić and the map of Lejean and Hahn.
So we can see these maps drew at least some information from others data. (The paper has a lot of information about the difficulties ,inaccuracies and motivations concerning the ethnographic maps of this region.)
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