Was there a paradigm shift in Jesus' interaction with women between the beginning and end of his public life
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The reason the disciples are suprised is not because of Jesus' character, but because the norms of the society at the time meant that this particular interaction was unusual. The woman herself is surprised in the same way, and explains why:
The Samaritan woman said to him, “You are a Jew and I am a Samaritan woman. How can you ask me for a drink?” (For Jews do not associate with Samaritans.) John 4:9 (NIV)
When the disciples arrive, they also seem to note that this interaction is unusual, but unlike the woman, they don't question Jesus.
Just then his disciples returned and were surprised to find him talking with a woman. But no one asked, “What do you want?” or “Why are you talking with her?” John 4:27 (NIV)
This incident with the Samaritan woman actually highlights that Jesus was consistent with his approach towards women throughout his ministry, opening including them in the kingdom of God without bowing to the pressure of society. There is therefore no shift in Jesus' interaction in the gospels.
Note: I am not catholic, but I present this answer as a frame challenge to show that the question is being asked from an incorrect basis.
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