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Which Church Fathers and/or Apostles, if any, specifically wrote against the idea that humans somehow arose from non-human animals?
The short answer is none!
So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them. Genesis 1:27
The Church Fathers believed that man was uniquely created by God.
On the Making of Man (St. Gregory of Nyssa)
The notion of human evolution did not become a subject of intellectual speculation until the 18th or 19th centuries, so how could such a subject matter be known to any of the Church Fathers or Apostles.
The English physician Erasmus Darwin, grandfather of Charles Darwin, offered in his Zoonomia; or, The Laws of Organic Life (1794β96) some evolutionary speculations, but they were not further developed and had no real influence on subsequent theories. The Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus devised the hierarchical system of plant and animal classification that is still in use in a modernized form. Although he insisted on the fixity of species, his classification system eventually contributed much to the acceptance of the concept of common descent. - History of evolutionary theory