Is there any basis in Catholic theology or in the writings of major Catholic theologians for the belief that snakes used to have legs?

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No, there is no catholic teaching that serpents had legs.

As you say, NABRE assumes Genesis as allegorical, therefore I would take their description of the serpent as allegorical.

That is, allegorically "the serpent had legs" - as in, was in right standing with God (before Satan's fall). Then "lost the legs" / was punished meaning is no longer in the right standing with God.

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