Are there any examples of sarcasm in the bible?

Mathew 16:18 Jesus tells Peter (Greek--Petros--rock) that he's the "rock" (Gr: Petra---pebble) upon which he will build his church....

The verse you cited immediately leads to an example. When Nathaniel, having just said "nothing good can come out of Nazareth," meets Jesus:

John 1:47 When Jesus saw Nathanael approaching, he said of him, "Behold, here is an Israelite in whom there is no deceit."

This is the first thing Jesus says to Nathaniel- "Look everyone, an honest Isrealite!" Jesus is facetiously mocking Nathaniel's comment about him while pointing out that all of Israel is lacking in its ability to produce worthy and honest leaders, not just Nazareth.

Gen 4:9

"And the LORD said unto Cain, Where is Abel thy brother?" And he said, "I know not: Am I my brother's keeper?"

The comedian David Steinberg pointed this out once on a TV show about Jewish comedy.

In modern vernacular it might sound more like "What am I, his keeper?"

Matthew 11:7-8 Jesus began to say to the multitudes concerning John: What went you out into the desert to see? a reed shaken with the wind? But what went you out to see? a man clothed in soft garments? Behold they that are clothed in soft garments, are in the houses of kings.

If you close your eyes and think of images of Egypt, what do you see? I think most people will think of pyramids at or near the top of the list. The point is, Egypt is know for these, world wide. Everyone thinks of Egypt as a place with really outstanding tombs. So when Moses led the people out of captivity, there they are out in the desert. And they ask Moses ... are there not enough tombs in Egypt? You had to bring us out here to die? Too funny!!

A bit of sarcasm from our Lord:

"And he said to them: 'You have a fine way of setting aside the commands of God in order to observe your own traditions!'" (Mark 7:9 NIV).

This is perhaps more ironic than sarcastic, but it contains at least a tinge of sarcasm. Put differently,

"Hey, nice going, guys. You've just set aside God's word and replaced it with your own traditions. Well done!"

That sort of thing.

Michal despised David for dancing at the return of the ark. She sarcastically refers to his behavior as "glorious" in 2 Samuel 6:20 (KJV):

Then David returned to bless his household. And Michal the daughter of Saul came out to meet David, and said, How glorious was the king of Israel to day, who uncovered himself to day in the eyes of the handmaids of his servants, as one of the vain fellows shamelessly uncovereth himself!

I have heard the following two examples of Jesus being sarcastic:

1. The Syrophoenician Woman

   [A] woman whose daughter had an unclean spirit heard about [Jesus], and came and fell down at his feet. The woman was a Greek, by race a Phoenician from Syria. And she started asking him to drive the demon out of her daughter. He responded to her like this: "Let the children first be fed, since it isn't good to take bread out of children's mouths and throw it to the dogs! [kynaria]" But as a rejoinder she says to him: "Sir, even the dogs under the table get to eat scraps dropped by children!" Then he said to her: "For that retort, be on your way, the demon has come out of your daughter." She returned home and found the child lying on the bed and the demon gone (Mk. 7:25-30).

   In this instance, Jesus is calling her a dog, which seems out of character for someone who taught love for all. It has been suggested that Jesus was being sarcastic, melodramatically acting as a Pharisee would. If that hypothesis is correct, then Jesus is sarcastically calling out the Pharisees on their attitude. Jesus is clearly amused by the woman's response, also witty in character, and chooses to heal her daughter as a result.

2. The Pharisees straining out the gnats and eating the camel

   You Blind guides! You strain your water so you won't accidentally swallow a gnat, but you swallow a camel!

In Matthew 23:24, Jesus is being absurdist and humorous in his remark, but is still making a fairly cutting remark. May not be sarcasm, but its close.

One case could be in 2 Corinthians 12:13. Paul is writing to the Corinthians and mentions that he hasn't been a burden to them, presumably financially, but has labored among them nonetheless.

For in what were you less favored than the rest of the churches, except that I myself did not burden you? Forgive me this wrong! 2 Corinthians 12:13 ESV

The "Forgive me this wrong" definitely seems a bit sarcastic. "Forgive me for not being a burden to you."

Another one isn't really sarcasm, but it does strike me as a bit humorous. It's from the gospel of John, which is held to have been written by John, and He seems to refer to Himself as "the other disciple".

3 So Peter and the other disciple started for the tomb. 4 Both were running, but the other disciple outran Peter and reached the tomb first. 5 He bent over and looked in at the strips of linen lying there but did not go in. 6 Then Simon Peter, who was behind him, arrived and went into the tomb. He saw the strips of linen lying there, 7 as well as the burial cloth that had been around Jesus’ head. The cloth was folded up by itself, separate from the linen. 8 Finally the other disciple, who had reached the tomb first, also went inside. He saw and believed. John 20:3-8 NIV

John seems to make sure we understand that he won the race to the tomb! :)

In 1^st Kings 22, Kings Ahab and Jehoshaphat were being counseled by false prophets to go to war against Syria. Jehoshaphat asked that Ahab send for a prophet of the Lord, and he sent for Micaiah. The man who brought him told him of the other prophecies, and suggested that he should say the same. When Micaiah did answer the same way, Ahab admonished Micaiah to tell the truth, and then did not like the answer he got. I believe Micaiah answered in an obviously sarcastic way, or how else would Ahab know he was not giving the true prophecy? Again, just my opinion, but I have long held this view.

In my opinion, Paul provides the best example. Here he is, in Galatians, having just given his opinion on circumcision (not necessary for Christians), then giving his opinion on those who insist on it for salvation:

As for those agitators, I wish they would go the whole way and emasculate themselves!

Galatians 5:12

In other words, don't stop at the foreskin, get rid of it completely to prove how holy you really are. Genius.