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Christians of all denominations (Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Protestant) may all say grace before meals. Some do and some don't consistently or not.
The origin of the practice is from Scripture.
Now the Spirit speaketh expressly, that in the latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits, and doctrines of devils; Speaking lies in hypocrisy; having their conscience seared with a hot iron;Forbidding to marry, and commanding to abstain from meats, which God hath created to be received with thanksgiving of them which believe and know the truth.For every creature of God is good, and nothing to be refused, if it be received with thanksgiving:For it is sanctified by the word of God and prayer.
1 Timothy 4:1-5
The word for thanksgiving is eucharist, which is a priestly word, denoting the sanctifying (setting apart) of the food to be received.
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The Episcopal Church's Book of Common Prayer (1979) has prayers for "Grace at meals." Four different prayers are given:
Give us grateful hearts, our Father, for all thy mercies, and make us mindful of the needs of others; through Jesus Christ our Lord.
Bless, O Lord, thy gifts to our use and us to thy service; for Christ's sake.
Blessed are you, O Lord our God, King of the Universe, for your give us food to sustain our lives and make our hearts glad; through Jesus Christ our Lord.
For these and all his mercies, God's holy name be blessed and praised; through Jesus Christ our Lord.
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All Christians should "say grace"/give thanks to God for their food. As a Baptist Protestant I do, as far as I know everyone else in our fellowship gives thanks too.
The practice comes from the habit of our Saviour. Tellingly, the two disciples on the road to Emmaus finally recognised our resurrected Lord Jesus when he gave thanks for the food (Luke 24:30,31).
It isn't just the commands of our Saviour but the example of our Saviour which should be followed.
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I've heard it referred to as saying grace when you say a prayer to bless the food. Which denominations do this? Is this only a Catholic thing? Where did it come from?
I don't know how to answer all your questions, but I can answer one. No, it is not only a Catholic thing to say grace. As a Christian, I do say grace. I know Jews do not usually say grace because they believe that the diner table is an altar before the LORD where they partake of other sacrificed life forms so that they themselves might live.